2205双相不锈钢与316L奥氏体不锈钢钝化膜内点缺陷扩散系数的计算分析

应用电容测试法并借助于点缺陷模型（PDM）计算了2205双相不锈钢与316L 奥氏体不锈钢在NaCl溶液中所形成的钝化膜内点缺陷的扩散系数,利用实验测得钝化膜的稳态电流和PDM模型对计算结果进行了验证分析。通过两种计算方法得到点缺陷在2205双相不锈钢与316L奥氏体不锈钢钝化膜内的扩散系数约为10^-23cm²/s~10^-20 cm²/s数量级,并发现在模拟海水溶液中2205钢的扩散系数比316L钢小,氧空位所形成的点缺陷在2205钢的钝化膜内比316L钢扩散困难,从而使得2205不锈钢的钝化膜比316L不锈钢更加致密与完整,保护性能更好。     

2205和316L不锈钢在氢氟酸中的电化学腐蚀行为

通过动电位极化和电化学阻抗方法考察了2205双相不锈钢和316L不锈钢在5%(体积分数)HF溶液中的电化学行为,借助Mott-Schokkty曲线分析了两种不锈钢表面钝化膜的半导体特性。结果表明：两种不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中都能发生钝化,且2205双相不锈钢的钝化区间范围更宽,维钝电流密度更低。2205双相不锈钢表面钝化膜表现出更高的钝化膜电阻和电荷转移电阻,其抗氢氟酸腐蚀性能优于316L不锈钢,这主要与2205双相不锈钢中的Mo和Cr含量高、表面钝化膜缺陷少、钝化膜易修复等因素有关。     

2205和316L不锈钢在氢氟酸中的电化学腐蚀行为北大核心CSCD

通过动电位极化和电化学阻抗方法考察了2205双相不锈钢和316L不锈钢在5%(体积分数)HF溶液中的电化学行为,借助Mott-Schokkty曲线分析了两种不锈钢表面钝化膜的半导体特性。结果表明:两种不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中都能发生钝化,且2205双相不锈钢的钝化区间范围更宽,维钝电流密度更低。2205双相不锈钢表面钝化膜表现出更高的钝化膜电阻和电荷转移电阻,其抗氢氟酸腐蚀性能优于316L不锈钢,这主要与2205双相不锈钢中的Mo和Cr含量高、表面钝化膜缺陷少、钝化膜易修复等因素有关。     

时效时间对2205双相不锈钢抗氢氟酸腐蚀性能的影响

析出物会影响2205双相不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中的腐蚀性能。为了了解这种影响,通过金相显微镜观察了固溶处理后的2205双相不锈钢经800℃时效处理15,60和120 min的显微组织,采用X射线衍射技术分析了时效不同时间下的物相结构,借助电化学极化和电化学阻抗方法测试了时效时间对2205双相不锈钢抗氢氟酸腐蚀行为的影响规律。结果表明:当时效时间为15 min时,双相不锈钢内就已析出了σ相,且σ相体积分数随着时效时间的延长而增大。随着时效时间的延长,2205双相不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中的自腐蚀电流密度和维钝电流密度都呈逐渐增大趋势,抗氢氟酸腐蚀性能下降,这主要是因为析出的σ相导致钝化膜内的载流子密度逐渐增大,加快了电子的传输速度,电化学反应更容易发生。     

2205双相不锈钢和304不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中缝隙腐蚀敏感性比较

采用缝隙腐蚀试样,通过浸泡实验以及循环极化、电化学阻抗、电化学噪声、恒电位测试等电化学方法,研究了2205双相不锈钢(2205DSS)和304不锈钢(304SS)在5%(质量分数)氢氟酸溶液中的缝隙腐蚀行为。结果表明,两种不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中都发生了缝隙腐蚀,但2205双相不锈钢腐蚀形成的蚀坑较浅,而304不锈钢腐蚀形成的蚀坑较深,且腐蚀面积更大。电化学测试结果表明,2205DSS的临界缝隙腐蚀电位E_(crev)和再钝化电位E_(rp)都高于304SS的,滞后环的面积也更小,钝化膜电阻和缝隙腐蚀发生时的电荷转移电阻也更大。2205DSS的白噪声水平更小,缝隙腐蚀反应更慢。同时,在相同外加电位下,2205DSS的缝隙腐蚀诱导期更长,缝隙腐蚀发生时电流更小,2205DSS的抗缝隙腐蚀能力优于304SS,这主要与两种材料表面所成钝化膜的组成和性能不同有关。     

稀土镧和铈对双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了研究双相不锈钢热加工过程中稀土对有害析出相的影响,采用电化学动电位极化扫描法、电化学交流阻抗谱法、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射等方法研究了镧、铈混合稀土对2205双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:稀土优先富集在双相不锈钢δ/γ相界及其附近地区,并且使得钢中δ/γ相界处合金元素Cr和Mo的富集程度减小,延缓了σ相的析出;在1.0 mol/L Na Cl+0.5 mol/L HCl溶液中,稀土增大了双相不锈钢的钝化区间,降低了其钝化电流密度,能够阻止腐蚀性阴离子向钝化膜内部扩散;稀土通过延缓σ相的析出,提高了双相不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能。     

固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢组织及钝化膜特性的影响

用不同温度对2205双相不锈钢进行固溶处理,利用定量金相法及硬度法、电化学极化试验、电化学阻抗谱试验的方法研究固溶温度与2205双相不锈钢微观组织和钝化膜特性之间的关系。结果表明,当固溶温度为950 ℃时,有σ相存在,分布于铁素体/奥氏体晶界,当固溶温度为1000 ℃时,σ相消失,铁素体相比例随固溶温度的升高而升高,奥氏体相比例则呈相反规律;电化学试验和阻抗谱试验结果显示,材料在950 ℃时钝化膜稳定性和耐蚀性能最差,在1050 ℃时钝化膜稳定性和耐蚀性能最好。     

轧制纳米块体304不锈钢腐蚀行为的研究Ⅱ钝化膜保护性能

采用动电位极化曲线和Mott-Schottky分析等电化学测试手段,探讨了轧制纳米块体304不锈钢与普通304不锈钢在0.05mol/L H2SO4＋0.05mol/L Na2SO4溶液中钝化膜的保护性能;运用点缺陷（PDM）模型,分析了不同电位下在0.05mol/L H2SO4＋0.25mol/L Na2SO4溶液中两种材料形成钝化膜的半导体性质,阐述了导致两种钝化膜保护性能差异的根本原因.结果表明：两种材料表面钝化膜都具有n型半导体特征,氧空穴作为主要的载流子参与钝化膜的形成和溶解过程;钝化膜中载流子密度与钝化膜的形成电位之间满足幂指数关系,载流子在两种材料表面的钝化膜中的扩散系数非常接近,说明两种钝化膜遵从相似的形成和溶解机制,但轧制纳米块体304不锈钢中的载流子密度小于普通304不锈钢钝化膜中的载流子密度,从而使其钝化膜具有更好的保护性.     

2205双相不锈钢热轧复合板复层组织及性能研究

利用金相显微镜、透射电镜、电化学工作站和拉伸试验机等设备对2205双相不锈钢热轧复合板复层进行了组织分析及性能测试,并与热轧前双相不锈钢2205的组织和性能进行了对比。实验结果表明:2205双相不锈钢复合板复层热轧固溶后,细长的γ相与α相界面处出现波浪状褶皱,且两相界面向γ相迁移;沿奥氏体晶界处分布着大量细小的奥氏体亚晶粒,亚晶粒之间及亚晶粒与奥氏体晶粒界面连接处塞积大量位错,致使试样产生加工硬化现象,因此其强度和硬度均高于2205双相不锈钢;此外,2205双相不锈钢热轧复合板复层的腐蚀电位降低,耐点腐蚀和耐缝隙腐蚀性能降低。     

S32750超级双相不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的临界点蚀温度及电化学腐蚀机理

采用电化学测试研究了S32750超级双相不锈钢在3.5%Na Cl溶液中的临界点蚀温度(CPT)及电化学腐蚀机理,结合试样点蚀前后的形貌变化,得出S32750不锈钢的临界点蚀温度为71℃。在低于临界点蚀温度时,不锈钢表面能形成稳定的钝化膜;高于临界点蚀温度时,由于Cl-的活性增加及钝化膜的溶解,不锈钢表面产生点蚀现象,且温度越高,点蚀越剧烈。构建了双相不锈钢S32750临界点蚀温度前后的电化学腐蚀模型。     

恒电位──恒电流瞬态响应技术研究钝化膜多层结构Ⅲ．氯化钠溶液中2205和316L不锈钢钝化膜稳定性的研究

采用恒电位－恒电流（Ｐ－Ｇ）瞬态响应技术研究了２２０５和３１６Ｌ不锈钢在０．５和１．０ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ溶液中钝化膜的结构和稳定性．研究结果证实，体系的钝化膜均具有多层结构．讨论了氯离子在钝化膜生长和破坏过程中的作用．并提出可能的作用模式和破坏机制．由Ｐ－Ｇ响应曲线计算得到的各特征参数随极化电位的变化关系表明，２２０５双相钢在ＮａＣｌ介质中的耐蚀性明显高于３１６Ｌ不锈钢．另外，初步探讨了２２０５钢的组织结构与钝化膜稳定性的关系．     

Sn含量对N36锆合金在LiOH水溶液中耐腐蚀性能的影响

比较了N36(Zr-1Sn-1Nb-0.3Fe)及低锡N36 (Zr-0.8Sn-1Nb-0.3Fe)锆合金样品在360 ℃/18.6 MPa/0.03 mol/L LiOH 水溶液中的耐腐蚀性能,发现N36提前发生腐蚀转折,转折后腐蚀增重远高于低锡N36。观察了腐蚀转折后合金样品氧化膜形貌及物相特征,发现在氧化膜断面上形成平行于氧化膜／金属界面的裂纹,而界面氧化膜呈"菜花"状生长;与N36相比,低锡N36氧化膜形貌显示断面裂纹相对较少,界面生长的氧化膜较为平整;随腐蚀速率的增加,断面裂纹增多,界面膜呈"菜花"状凸起越严重;氧化膜中产生的裂纹与四方相的转变有关。讨论了Sn对N36合金耐腐蚀性能影响的机理,认为固溶在α-Zr中的Sn含量是引起耐腐蚀性能差别的主要原因。     

添加微量Mo对铜基块体非晶合金耐蚀性的影响

采用动电位极化和交流阻抗谱技术(EIS)研究了(Cu47Zr11Ti34Ni8)100-x Mox(x=0,2)块体非晶合金在1mol/L H2SO4溶液中的室温电化学行为.结果表明,x=2的钝化膜破裂电位(Eb)显著上升,致钝化电位(E0)与维钝电流密度(ip)明显减小.这主要是由于在稳定的钝化区内,微量Mo的添加增加了基体合金中的"氧空位"和表面活性,抑制了阴离子空位在金属/表面膜(M/F)界面上的形成,促使元素Zr和Ti在M/F界面上快速形成相应的氧化物,并增加了钝化层中氧化层的厚度和稳定性.根据该体系在电解质中的电化学反应,基于点缺陷模型(PDM)建立了简单的动力学模型.利用该模型,结合EIS数据,分析了微合金化提高铜基块体非晶合金耐蚀性能的机理.     

Corrosion behavior of 2205 stainless steel in simulated flue gas condensate with different chloride concentrations in a waste incineration power plant

The effect of Cl⁻ on the initial corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (2205 DSS) in simulated flue gas condensate from a waste incineration power plant was investigated using Mott–Schottky plot, micro-area electrochemical methods, and microscopic surface morphology observation. The results show that at 150°C, the carrier concentration of the 2205 DSS passive film was maintained at a small value and changed little when the Cl⁻ concentration is less than 25 g/L, indicating that it has good pitting resistance. When the Cl⁻ concentration reaches 30 g/L and above, the carrier concentration of the passive film increases remarkably, and pitting corrosion appears on the 2205 DSS surface. At 180°C, there is no obvious pitting on the surface when the Cl⁻ concentration is not more than 15 g/L. When the Cl⁻ concentration is 20 g/L or above, the carrier concentration of the passive film significantly increases, and pitting corrosion appears on the surface. When the Cl⁻ concentration reaches 30 g/L, the carrier concentration of the passive film increases sharply. The passive film on a 2205 DSS surface is seriously damaged and accompanied by the occurrence of uniform corrosion.     

Effect of nitrogen on corrosion behavior of 28Cr-7Ni duplex and microduplex stainless steels in air-saturated 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

The corrosion behavior of 28Cr-7Ni-O-0.34N duplex stainless steels in air-saturated 3.5-wt% NaCl solution at pH 2, 7, 10 and 27 °C was studied by the potentiodynamic method. Two types of microstructures were investigated: the as-forged duplex and microduplex (average austenite grain size 5-16 μm) structures. The austenite volume fractions of the tested steels were between 0.35 and 0.64. The nitrogen effect on corrosion behaviors of both duplex and microduplex stainless steels were the same. At pH 2, the corrosion potential increased when the nitrogen content increased, however, corrosion current density as well as corrosion rate decreased. At pH 7 and 10, the effect of nitrogen on corrosion potential and corrosion rate could not be observed. Corrosion potential at pH 10 was lower than at pH 7. Pitting potential increased when the nitrogen content in the tested steels increased at all tested pH. For the nitrogen effect on the passive current density, it seemed that only at pH 2, the average passive current densities reduced when the nitrogen content increased. Nitrogen may have participated in the passive film or has been involved in the reaction to build up passive film. The ammonium formation and nitrogen enrichment at the interface metal/passive film with adsorption mechanism were discussed. The dissolute nitrogen might have combined with the hydrogen ions in solution to form ammonium ions, resulting in increasing solution pH. The steel could then easily repassivate, hence the corrosion potential and pitting potential would increase. However, the ammonium formation mechanism could not explain the decrease of corrosion potential in basic solution. Nitrogen enrichment at the metal/passive film interface with adsorption mechanism seemed to be an applicable consideration in increasing pitting potential. However, this mechanism did not involve the ammonium ion formation. In general, for the duplex and microduplex stainless steels tested, nitrogen increased the general corrosion resistances in acid solution and pitting corrosion resistance at all solution pH. Metallographic observation in both tested duplex and microduplex steels after pitting corrosion at all tested pH revealed that, the corroded structure in the tested steels without nitrogen alloying was austenite, but those with nitrogen alloying was ferrite. Even though ferrite had a higher chromium content than austenite but higher dissolved nitrogen in austenite than in ferrite may have increased the pitting resistance equivalent number (PRE) of austenite to be higher than that of ferrite.     

Comparative corrosion resistance of plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implanted austenitic stainless steel

A high nitrogen face-centered-cubic phase (γ_N) was obtained on the nitrided surface of 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenitic stainless steel by plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implantation. No pitting corrosion for the γ_N phase was confirmed by electrochemical polarization measurement in 3% NaCl solution. The protective passive film with a duplex character, iron hydroxide/oxides in the outer region and chromium hydroxide/oxides and iron oxides accompanying chromium and iron nitrides in the inner region, was by 2-3 times thicker than that of original stainless steel. The thick iron hydroxide/oxides region formed on the chromium hydroxide/oxides region due to the increase of alkalinity in the solution, leading to barrier against penetration of localized attack of the aggressive ions. The equivalent general corrosion resistance for the γ_N phase was observed in 0.5 mol/l H₂SO₄ solution relative to the original stainless steel. The passive film formed on the γ_N phase in 0.5 mol/l H₂SO₄ solution was similar to that of original stainless steel. The different role of nitrogen was proposed in pitting corrosion resistance and general corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel.     

Enhancing General Corrosion Resistance of Biomedical High Nitrogen Nickel-Free Stainless Steel by Nitric Acid Passivation

A systematic study of nitric acid passivation was investigated to enhance the general corrosion resistance of biomedical high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels(HNSs).After passivation,the corrosion rate of HNS could dramatically reduce to 1/20 of the untreated in 37℃0.9 wt% NaCl solutions.Then,the passive film on HNS was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.It was found that chromium enrichment in the passive film and nitrogen enrichment in the film/metal interface contributed to the improvement in general corrosion resistance of HNS.     

Effect of solution concentration on semiconducting properties of passive films formed on austenitic stainless steels

The semiconductor properties of passive films formed on AISI 316L in three acidic solutions were studied by employing Mott-Schottky analysis in conjunction with the point defect model (PDM). Based on PDM, the key parameters for passive film growth are the diffusivity and density of the defects within the film. The results indicated that donor densities are in the range 1-4 × 10²¹ cm⁻³ and increased with solution concentration. By assuming that the donors are oxygen ion vacancies and/or cation interstitials, the diffusion coefficient of the donors in three acidic solutions are calculated to be approximately 1-5 × 10⁻¹⁶ cm²/s.