组成及骨料特性对UHPC基体流动性和抗压强度的影响

本工作通过调整砂胶比和拟合改进的Andreasen-Andersen颗粒堆积模型,计算得到了UHPC基体中各固体组分的比例。基于新拌超高性能混凝土(UHPC)基体的湿堆积密度和流动性确定了高效减水剂的最优掺量。研究分析了不同配合比设计参数(砂胶比和胶凝材料组分)、骨料特性(颗粒球形度和圆度)对UHPC基体的流动性和抗压强度的影响。结果表明：当砂胶比从0.8增加为1.2时,掺河砂的UHPC基体的湿堆积密度、流动性和7 d抗压强度逐渐降低;对比调整砂胶比和改变胶凝材料组分的掺量,UHPC基体的流动性和湿堆积密度变化趋势主要受砂胶比影响;当高效减水剂掺量为0.5%～2.0%时,UHPC基体的PFT、湿堆积密度和流动性先缓慢升高后迅速下降;骨料形状对UHPC基体的湿堆积密度、流动性和28 d抗压强度的影响较大;在UHPC基体实现紧密堆积后,影响UHPC基体的抗压强度的主要因素为骨料形貌,而胶凝材料组分掺量的影响较小;当骨料最大粒径相同时,增加骨料的球形度和圆度显著增加了UHPC基体的流动性,但降低了UHPC基体的抗压强度。     

钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土的抗冻性试验

为使废弃混凝土和再生橡胶在北方地区混凝土工程中得以应用,采用正交试验法研究再生粗骨料掺量、再生粗骨料强化方式、钢纤维掺量与橡胶掺量对钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土(C45)立方体抗压强度和抗冻性的影响规律。利用扫描电镜和螺旋CT扫描技术研究了钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土的宏观和细观结构及其对抗冻性能的影响机理。结果表明:橡胶颗粒掺量是影响再生混凝土含气量、抗压强度和相对动弹模量的重要因素,再生粗骨料掺量是影响相对动弹模量和强度损失率的次要因素,钢纤维掺量对混凝土抗压强度增强作用较小,粗骨料强化方式对混凝土性能影响不大;橡胶颗粒与砂浆界面的裂缝宽度在5~55μm之间,二者之间的相容性较差;当橡胶颗粒掺量(与砂的体积比)大于20%后,随橡胶颗粒掺量增大,混凝土内部孔洞数目增多,钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土抗压强度降低、抗冻性减弱。     

再生粉体对干混砌筑砂浆性能的影响

掺加一定量的再生粉体对细骨料分别为机制砂和再生砂的干混砌筑砂浆进行改性,研究不同掺量的再生粉体对干混砌筑砂浆基本性能、力学性能及抗冻性能的影响。结果表明:随着再生粉体掺量的增加,砂浆的各项性能均有所降低,且对2种不同细骨料的砂浆影响基本一致;掺加再生粉体的质量分数为30%的砂浆抗压强度相比未掺加再生粉体的抗压强度最大降低幅度为44.2%;再生粉体对干混砌筑砂浆抗冻性能的影响较为明显,且最大掺量不宜超过10%,细骨料为机制砂的砂浆可采用1∶3和1∶4的胶砂质量比,而细骨料为再生砂的砂浆宜选用1∶3的胶砂质量比。     

再生骨料掺配比对再生透水混凝土性能的影响

为研究再生骨料在透水混凝土（RPC）中的应用,选用废弃路面素混凝土块为再生骨料来源,设计2种系列,研究再生骨料透水混凝土中再生骨料掺配问题,即分别以粒径9.5~19.0 mm,再生骨料按0%、25%、50%、75%和100%（基准）质量替代同粒径天然骨料碎石（系列1）和以4.75~9.5 mm、9.5~19.0 mm两种粒径,再生骨料按0∶1、1∶1、1∶2、2∶1、2∶3和3∶2掺比（系列2）制备RPC,并分析其物理、力学、透水性能及其相互关系,得到了合理的再生骨料替代率和双粒级掺比,在1∶1和2∶1掺配下能够得到较好的强度及透水性能。通过切割试块的图像化处理,分析其孔隙分布特征和趋势,并将平面孔隙率、等效孔径和透水系数联系起来。结果表明,再生透水混凝土的透水能力主要取决于截面孔隙个数和面积。     

地面用自流平砂浆的制备及性能

通过对胶凝材料和化学添加剂的选择和复配,制备了三种不同体系的自流平砂浆。探讨了胶凝体系、骨料级配、添加剂对自流平砂浆性能的影响,并采用XRD、SEM方法对不同胶凝体系的水化产物和硬化浆体微观结构进行了表征。结果表明,AC系水泥基自流平砂浆性能好于PC系,具有快凝、早强、低收缩、高耐磨的特点,流动度大于140mm、4h硬化、1d抗压强度大于25MPa、28d抗压强度大于40MPa、收缩率≤0.05%、磨耗≤0.30g;石膏基自流平砂浆强度得到显著提升,绝干抗压强度大于30MPa,体积变化率≤0.02%。     

微生物矿化沉积技术强化核壳结构再生粗骨料

为实现废弃混凝土砂粉的高效利用,以废弃砂为内核,废弃粉及少量胶凝材料为壳层原料,采用冷粘成球技术制备核壳结构再生粗骨料,并利用微生物矿化沉积碳酸钙(MlCP)提升骨料品质,本工作研究了矿化时间、钙离子浓度对内核质量增加率、吸水率的影响,及微生物矿化剂对再生粗骨料性能的提升效果,通过SEM、TG-DTG分析再生粗骨料内核及表面形貌、物相含量.结果表明,矿化微生物可加速、诱导碳酸钙沉积,密实结构,显著提升再生粗骨料品质;当微生物矿化剂掺量为1.0％(质量分数)时,再生粗骨料压碎指标、吸水率、微粉含量、质量损失率分别降低50.0％、21.2％、50.0％、15.3％,表观密度增加2.8％,壳层氢氧化钙完全矿化,碳酸钙含量增至24.18％.     

苯丙乳液与聚丙烯酸酯乳液对透水混凝土性能影响的试验研究

聚合物乳液可改善浆体新拌状态，提高透水混凝土强度，本工作采用苯丙乳液(SAE)、聚丙烯酸酯乳液(PAE)对透水混凝土进行改性，研究两者对透水混凝土浆体流变性能、力学性能和透水性能的影响。结果表明，掺入SAE会降低浆体塑性黏度，对新拌浆体流动度影响不显著，透水混凝土抗压强度随着其掺量的增加先提高后降低，聚灰比为1.5%时，浆体的28 d抗压强度相比于对照组R-0提高了8.2%,透水混凝土28 d抗压强度最高为35.5 MPa,相比对照组高了4.1%;掺入PAE会提高浆体的塑性黏度，新拌浆体流动度逐渐减小，透水混凝土抗压强度先提高后降低，透水系数降低，PAE聚灰比为6%时，浆体28 d抗压强度相比于对照组R-0提高了9.6%,透水混凝土28 d强度达到36.8 MPa,相比于对照组R-0提高了7.9%,透水系数达到2.47 mm/s。     

全再生细骨料的制备及其对混凝土性能影响的试验研究

传统再生细骨料的需水量大、强度低,较难利用。将废弃混凝土全部破碎成细骨料的全再生细骨料技术能够有效提高再生细骨料的性能。在前期研究的基础上,进行了全再生细骨料的制备及其对混凝土性能影响的研究。研究结果表明,全再生细骨料的制备应包括破碎、筛分和整形工艺;全再生细骨料中小于0.075和0.15mm的细粉对其强度性能有利,不宜去除;考虑到其细粉组成包括石粉,其微粉含量限值可较现有标准有所提高。全再生细骨料相对于传统再生细骨料在性能上有很大改善,胶砂需水量小且强度高,以其配制的C30和C50混凝土性能明显优于传统再生细骨料。全再生细骨料的胶砂需水量等性能仍不如机制砂和河砂,但其胶砂强度却高于机制砂和河砂;以其配制的混凝土抗压强度(特别是高水胶比时)明显高于河砂和机制砂混凝土,但工作性能略低。综合来看,全再生细骨料能够全取代河砂和机制砂用于制备C30和C50混凝土。     

橡胶再生粗骨料混凝土的性能试验研究

为研究橡胶再生粗骨料混凝土的力学性能和疲劳性能,该文采用不同配合比橡胶再生粗骨料混凝土,进行了力学性能和疲劳性能试验。结果表明：1）再生粗骨料混凝土的抗压强度比普通混凝土提高了9.8%,但抗折强度比普通混凝土低,其弹性模量略有下降。2）再生粗骨料混凝土的基本力学性能随废弃橡胶颗粒的掺入有较显著的下降,折压比随之增加,峰值挠度、峰值应变和极限应变在一定范围内随橡胶颗粒含量的增加而增加。3）当橡胶颗粒掺量为20%时,橡胶再生粗骨料混凝土的极限应变是无橡胶再生粗骨料混凝土的3.46倍,同时显著增强了混凝土的疲劳寿命。     

地聚物基透水混凝土的制备与性能

透水混凝土因具有透水透气、吸声减噪等功能而被广泛研究和关注。然而,其普遍存在孔隙结构,造成受力不均,使得透水混凝土只能用于低荷载的路面。为了提高透水混凝土的强度和耐久性,本研究将地聚物作为透水混凝土的胶凝材料,并采用正交试验研究了最佳配比,分析了孔隙率、骨料粒径、激固比、矿渣掺量、水玻璃模数对其性能的影响。以抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、透水系数、抗冻性为指标,拟合分析了孔隙率与透水系数、透水系数与抗压强度、孔隙率与抗劈裂强度之间的关系。结果表明:目标孔隙率15%、激固比60%、骨料粒径2～5 mm、水玻璃模数1. 4、矿渣掺量20%为最优配比,所得地聚物透水混凝土的28 d抗压强度为33 MPa,抗劈裂强度为2. 4 MPa,透水系数为8. 4 mm/s,抗冻性能达标。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。