高光谱成像技术结合优化算法窖泥总氮含量的预测

窖泥的总氮含量是窖泥质量评价的指标之一,其常规检测方法周期长且具有破坏性。为实现窖泥总氮含量的快速无损检测,提出了高光谱成像技术（HSI）结合优化算法的窖泥总氮含量的检测方法。首先,使用不同的预处理方法对可见光（Vis）光谱数据进行处理,并建立偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）模型,通过比较模型性能确定了最佳预处理。其次,综合比较了采用全光谱波长、竞争性自适应重加权采样（CARS）算法、连续投影算法（SPA）和CARS与SPA(CARS-SPA)联用策略方法优选特征波长,并作为PLSR和最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）模型输入变量,研究对各模型性能的影响。最后,基于最优模型实现了窖泥样本的总氮含量可视化,直观反映不同层级的总氮含量差异。结果表明,标准正态变量变换（SNV）方法预处理后建立的PLSR模型预测总氮含量最好;CARS-SPA联用策略方法优选特征波长较其他两种方法好,且其建立的LS-SVM模型的预测性能最佳（预测集决定系数Rp2=0.987 6、预测均方根误差（RMSEP）=0.013 8 g/100 g）。高光谱成像技术结合优化算法可以快速、无损检测窖泥总氮含量,为窖泥中总氮含量检...     

基于近红外漫反射光谱的面包老化过程中非冻结水含量无损检测

目的 建立一种基于近红外光谱技术快速无损测定面包老化过程中的非冻结水含量的方法。方法 应用近红外漫反射光谱技术采集新鲜面包在放置2h、2d、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d时的光谱，对比导数、S-G平滑(Savitzky Golay smooth)、标准正态变量变换(Standard normal variable transformation，SNV)及多元散射校正(Multiplicative scatter correction，MSC)预处理方法，利用偏最小二乘回归法(Partial least square regression，PLSR)和多元线性回归法（Multiple Linear Regression，MLR）建立面包老化过程中的非冻结水含量的预测模型，并对比两种模型预测结果。结果 利用PLSR建模相较MLR建模结果较好，建立的模型预测结果较好，模型的校正集相关系数（Rc）和均方根误差（RMSEC）分别为0.9386和0.0236 , 验证集相关系数（Rv）和均方根误差（RMSEP）分别为0.9271和0.0245。结论 通过近红外光谱技术结合偏最小二乘法建立面包老化过程中的非冻结水含量模型可作为面包老化过程中的非冻结水含量无损快速测定的可行性方法，其含量变化可以有效预测面包老化，为面包老化的无损检测提供了新的可行方案。     

基于高光谱图像特征融合的榛子水分含量测定

采用高光谱图像技术对榛子水分含量进行快速无损检测。采集200个榛子在400~1 000 nm波段的高光谱图像,提取榛子图像区域的平均光谱信息。利用K-S算法划分样品验证集和预测集,使用四种预处理方法对光谱进行预处理。通过竞争自适应加权算法（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling,CARS）和逐次投影法（Successive Projection Algorithm,SPA）进行光谱特征的提取;灰度共生矩阵法（Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix,GLCM）提取图像的纹理特征;分别建立基于光谱特征,图像纹理特征以及两者串联融合的偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）和支持向量回归（Support Vector Regression,SVR）模型对榛子水分进行预测。结果表明,CARS和SPA算法能够有效选择特征波长并提升预测性能;图像特征能够对榛子水分进行预测,基于主成分图像提取的图像特征信息建立的模型预测效果更好。光谱图像特征融合能明显提高对榛子水分含量预测的准确率,CARS提取的特征波段结合主成分图像的纹理特征显示出了更好的效果,SVR模型的RMSECV为0.03,RC 为0.97,RMSEP为0.04,RP为0.96。利用高光谱图像和纹理特征能够对榛子水分进行有效预测,为榛子水分含量检测提供了新的方法。     

灵武长枣蔗糖含量的高光谱无损检测

利用高效液相色谱法检测蔗糖含量,同时运用高光谱成像技术结合化学计量方法建立蔗糖预测模型;通过竞争性自适应加权（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）算法、连续投影算法（successive projection algorithm,SPA）和无信息消除变量（uninformative variable elimination,UVE）降维处理,建立特征波段和全波段的主成分回归（principal component regression,PCR）、偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）和多元线性回归（multivariable linear regression,MLR）模型。结果表明,采用蒙特卡洛方法剔除异常样本后,相关系数由0.611增大到0.846;正交信号校正法预处理效果最佳,RC和RP分别为0.853和0.794;利用SPA、UVE、CARS、CARS＋SPA和CARS＋UVE五种方法提取了5、21、17、10、18 个特征变量,其中CARS-PCR模型最好,校正集、预测集的相关系数为0.861、0.843,校正集、预测集的均方根误差为0.013 mg/g和0.014 mg/g。综上,高光谱成像技术可以实现长枣蔗糖含量的预测,为更深一步探讨枣的内部品质提供参考。     

基于高光谱成像技术和连续投影算法检测葡萄果皮花色苷含量

应用高光谱成像技术结合连续投影算法（SPA）实现葡萄果皮中花色苷含量的快速无损检测。采集60 组样本高光谱图像,获取样本光谱曲线,并采用多元散射校正预处理方法提高信噪比。然后采用SPA选择光谱变量,将其作为多元线性回归（MLR）、偏最小二乘（PLS）模型和BP神经网络（BPNN）的输入变量,分别建立SPAMLR、SPA-PLS和SPA-BPNN模型并与全光谱变量PLS模型相比较。结果表明,SPA-MLR、SPA-BPNN和SPA-PLS模型的预测精度均优于全光谱变量PLS模型,其中SPA-PLS模型获得了最佳预测结果,其预测相关系数Rp和预测均方根误差（RMSEP）分别为0.900 0和0.550 6。结果表明,利用近红外高光谱成像技术能够有效检测酿酒葡萄果皮中花色苷含量。     

基于高光谱技术及SPXY和SPA的玉米毒素检测模型建立

应用高光谱技术研究和构建霉变玉米黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin B1,AFB1）和玉米赤霉烯酮（zearalenone,ZEN）含量的检测方法,通过建立霉变玉米中这2?种毒素含量的预测模型,实现对玉米霉变程度的快速、无损、准确判别。首先,通过对比5?种预处理方法,确定标准正态变量校正法对原始光谱数据进行预处理;然后,采用光谱-理化值共生距离算法结合偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）法分析不同校正集样本预测AFB1和ZEN含量的差异,并分别优选出130?个和140?个校正集样本;在采用均匀光谱间隔法对原始光谱变量进行初降维的基础上,对比连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）和竞争性自适应重加权算法2?种变量提取法。结果表明：经SPA分别筛选出17?个特征波段且基于较少校正集样本和特征波长光谱信息建立的PLSR模型能够获得较优的预测结果,对应AFB1和ZEN含量预测集的相关系数和均方根误差（root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP）（R2pre,RMSEP）由最初的（0.994?4,0.984?6）和（0.991?6,2.320?9）分别变为（0.997?3,0.681?5）和（0.997?7,1.144?1）,在降低模型复杂度的情况下提高了预测精度,表明该模型对这2?种毒素含量能够实现较强的预测能力。因此,利用高光谱技术对玉米AFB1和ZEN含量实施无损检测具有可行性。     

冷鲜羊肉冷藏时间和水分含量的高光谱无损检测

利用可见-近红外高光谱成像技术对冷鲜羊肉的冷藏时间和水分含量进行无损检测。通过波长400～1 000 nm可见-近红外高光谱系统采集160 个羊肉样本光谱信息,优选主成分-14-线性判别法对原始光谱建立羊肉冷藏时间的判别模型,校正集对羊肉冷藏时间的判别率为99.17%,预测集为100%,模型可较好地判别羊肉的冷藏时间。其次,针对羊肉冷藏过程中水分含量的变化,优选最佳预处理方法并运用偏最小二乘回归（partial leastsquares regression,PLSR）法建立水分含量预测模型;结果表明,经过Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑预处理的PLSR模型对水分含量的建模效果最优,校正集和预测集相关系数分别为0.888和0.784,交互验证均方根误差为0.696。研究表明,采用可见-近红外高光谱成像技术对冷鲜羊肉冷藏时间的判别和冷藏过程中羊肉水分含量的快速预测是可行的。     

宁夏赤霞珠葡萄水分含量的高光谱无损检测研究

利用可见近红外高光谱成像技术对宁夏赤霞珠葡萄含水量的无损检测进行了初步探讨。通过高光谱成像系统(400~1000 nm)采集了136幅赤霞珠葡萄图像,对原始光谱、平均平滑、高斯滤波、中值滤波、卷积平滑、归一化、多元散射校正、标准正态化、基线校准、去趋势化等预处理的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型进行对比分析;采用主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、连续投影算法(SPA)、竞争性自适应重加权(CARS)方法选择特征波长,建立4种特征波长下的PLSR的葡萄含水量预测模型,优选CARS提取特征波长的方法。在此基础上,对比分析了全波段与特征波长下的MLR、PCR、PLSR的葡萄含水量预测模型。结果表明:采用多元散射校正(MSC)光谱建立的PLSR模型优于原始光谱和其他预处理光谱的PLSR模型;CARS提取特征波长建立的PLSR模型优于多元线性回归(MLR)、主成分回归(PCR)模型,预测集的相关系数(R)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.806、0.144。因此,利用可见近红外高光谱成像技术提取特征波长进行宁夏赤霞珠葡萄含水量的检测是可行的。     

基于VIS/NIR高光谱成像技术检测鸡肉嫩度

利用400~1000 nm可见近红外高光谱成像系统对鸡肉嫩度进行快速无损检测研究。采集鸡肉表面的高光谱散射图像,提取样本感兴趣区域反射光谱曲线并用剪切力值表征鸡肉的标准嫩度。以原始光谱和多元散射校正(MSC)预处理光谱数据建立鸡肉嫩度的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型,预处理光谱建立的模型效果更优。基于MSC预处理,采用偏PLS权重系数法结合逐步回归法筛选出了4个特征波长。然后采用PLSR和多元线性回归(MLR)模型分别建立特征波长处光谱反射值和鸡肉嫩度关系的数学模型,优选最佳模型。结果显示:MLR模型预测效果较好,预测相关系数(RP)和均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.94和1.97。研究表明:利用可见近红外高光谱成像技术结合多元回归分析法对鸡肉嫩度的快速无损检测是可行的。     

冷鲜羊肉品质的高光谱成像无损检测

利用400~1000 nm可见近红外高光谱成像系统对冷鲜羊肉蛋白质含量、嫩度、p H进行无损检测研究。采集冷鲜羊肉表面的高光谱散射图像,提取样本感兴趣区域的反射光谱曲线获得原始数据。先对原始光谱预处理并建立偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型,优选最佳预处理方法,后采用正自适应加权算法(CARS)和连续投影算法(SPA)提取特征波长,建立不同特征波长下各品质参数的PLSR预测模型。结果表明:利用原始光谱建立的冷鲜羊肉蛋白质、嫩度和p H的PLSR模型均优于经过光谱预处理所建PLSR模型;在不同波长下建立预测模型,OS-PLSR光谱模型对冷鲜羊肉蛋白质含量预测效果最佳,Rp=0.869,RMSEP=0.097;建立的SPA-PLSR光谱预测模型对p H预测效果理想,Rp=0.958,RMSEP=0.067;CARS-PLSR光谱预测模型对嫩度的预测能力较高,Rp=0.862,RMSEP=0.706。研究表明:利用可见近红外高光谱技术对冷鲜羊肉品质进行快速无损检测是可行的。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.