碳纳米洋葱制备方法的研究进展

碳纳米洋葱是继富勒烯与碳纳米管之后的又一新型碳纳米材料,在润滑剂、磁性材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景.综述了碳纳米洋葱的主要合成方法(电弧放电法、等离子体法、电子束照射法、热处理法、热解法和化学气相沉积法)及其特点,讨论了碳洋葱的形成机理,并简单介绍了碳纳米洋葱的性能及其应用.     

水中电弧法制备碳纳米葱

采用水介质中石墨电极直流电弧放电法大量制备了高质量碳纳米葱（又称洋葱状富勒稀），借助Raman光谱仪和高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）对制备产物进行了结构表征和几何形貌分析。实验结果表明：水介质中石墨电弧法制备的碳纳米产物主要聚集在水面附近和容器底部，放电电流大小对水面附近和容器底部产物的组成和形貌有显著影响。在放电电流约为40A时，水面附近产物是直径为5nm～20nm的球形、洋葱状碳纳米葱。其产率约4．3mg／min。研究结果表明：采用水介质中石墨电弧法能大量制备高质量的碳纳米葱。     

由煤或焦炭制备纳米碳质材料的新进展

评述了以煤为碳源制备富勒烯、纳米碳管、竹节形碳管、铁嵌入的纳米碳棒和由碳包覆的金属纳米粒子等各种纳米材料。认为：等离子体电孤放电法是由煤制备各种纳米碳质材料最常用的方法，随电弧条件及电极性质的不同，所制备的纳米碳质材料可有各种不同形态及结构、由于煤是分子固体而石墨是晶格固体，两种碳源的反应机理有明显不同。在等离子体电弧加热时，煤分解并产生许多具有简单芳烃结构的分子，在纳米碳质材料的形成过程中，这些分子可能作为纳米碳质材料的结构单元，同时原煤中的矿物质在合成过程中也起着重要作用，因此煤本身的性质对纳米材料的制备极为重要。煤是成本低廉且储量最丰富的碳源，将是大规模工业化生产纳米碳质材料最好的碳源之一。     

电弧法制备洋葱状富勒烯的工艺研究

运用纳米Bi2O3微粒作催化剂，在电弧放电条件下，进行了纳米洋葱状富勒烯大量合成的研究。并用透射电镜对产物的形貌、结构进行了观察与分析。结果表明：纳米洋葱状富勒烯的石墨化程度很高，且直径均匀(约为25nm)，结构较完善；同时伴有单核纳米洋葱状富勒烯向多核纳米洋葱状富勒烯的转变。为洋葱状富勒烯的宏量制备提供了有利线索。     

直流电弧等离子体法制备纳米材料的研究进展

纳米材料由于具有特殊的光学、力学、磁学、电学、超导、催化等特性而被广泛应用于电子、机械装置、药物传输、催化剂等众多领域。直流电弧等离子体法是一种制备高纯度纳米材料的有效手段,通过在两电极之间的电弧放电产生高温,使反应室中的气体变为等离子体态,原材料蒸发分解成气态原子,过饱和的蒸汽流动到反应室中温度较低的部位,并重新成核生长成所需的纳米粒子。使用直流电弧等离子体法制备纳米材料具有操作简单、成本低、合成速度快、产物纯度高、环境友好等优点。在电弧法制备纳米材料的过程中,改变相关实验参数,会对产物的粒径、形貌等特性产生影响;特别是在制备碳纳米材料时,改变实验条件还会得到如碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纳米角等不同形貌的碳纳米材料。因此,需要从纳米颗粒的生长机理入手,找到不同纳米材料的最佳合成条件,实现其可控制备。如今,电弧法制备纳米材料的研究重点已由单纯的制备方法研究发展到深入分析其机理与探究可控合成的工艺条件,从而实现粒径可控、颗粒分布均匀纳米材料的规模化制备。此外,电弧法相比其他方法具有独特的优点,探索用电弧法制备新型纳米材料也是目前研究的焦点。近年来,使用电弧法制备纳米材料取得了众多成果。在碳纳米材料领域,不但实现了富勒烯、碳纳米管的制备,而且实现了高品质单层石墨烯和碳纳米角的制备。在金属纳米材料领域,制备出了高品质的纳米银粉和镍粉等。此外,难熔金属由于熔点高,使用其他方法难以制备出相关种类的纳米材料。而电弧区温度可以达到104K,使用电弧法可制备出Mo、Cr、V、W等多种难熔金属的纳米材料。在陶瓷纳米材料领域,成功制备了SiC、TiC等高性能陶瓷纳米材料。实现电弧法可控制备纳米材料需要对纳米颗粒的形成及生长机理进行深入探究,相关工作也在不断推进。最近,研究者们使用数值模拟等辅助手段来模拟电弧过程,可以得到电弧区的温度、压力、速度分布情况,模拟的实验结果对解释纳米材料的生长机理起到非常重要的作用。本文主要介绍了使用直流电弧等离子体法制备碳纳米材料、金属纳米材料及陶瓷纳米材料的研究进展,并对纳米粒子的形成机理做了深入分析;阐述了电弧等离子法制备纳米材料存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决策略;最后,对电弧法制备纳米材料向着大规模、低成本可控制备的发展进行了展望。     

洋葱碳的制备与应用研究进展

洋葱碳独特的结构, 使其具有优异的物理化学性能。本文首先介绍了洋葱碳的分类和结构, 对几种传统的制备方法(包括电弧放电法、等离子体、电子束辐射、化学气相沉积、纳米金刚石真空退火、热解法)的优缺点进行归纳、总结。其次, 介绍了近年来发展起来的制备方法。随后,对近年来洋葱碳在锂离子二次电池负极、染料敏化太阳能电池对电极、电化学储氢电极、超级电容器电极、摩擦和磨损、催化领域的应用做一概述。最后, 指出了目前洋葱碳在制备和应用方面的不足, 对今后的研究做了展望。     

核/壳型碳包覆金属纳米胶囊的微波吸收性能

具有核/壳结构的碳包覆金属纳米胶囊由于可调节的成分与结构特征,可以实现微波频段内相互协调的磁损耗和介电损耗特性,从而获得优异的微波吸收性能,近年来受到研究者的广泛关注。碳外壳的包覆不仅改善了纳米材料的物理和化学性质,由此引入的核/壳异质界面还在微观结构上赋予纳米胶囊新的微波吸收机制,建立了合适的电磁匹配。首先介绍了通过直流电弧放电制备碳包覆金属纳米胶囊的方法,简要分析了该方法中纳米胶囊的形成机制。介绍了一些关于碳包覆纳米胶囊的结构设计及其在微波吸收材料方面的应用探索,包括不同核壳尺寸结构的设计、引入异质原子等不同方法对纳米胶囊在微波频段内的介电损耗和磁损耗能力的调控。     

纳米金属微粒催化制备的洋葱状富勒烯的结构表征

采用金属Cu，Al做粒／石墨混合材料．用直流电弧放电方法制备了洋葱状富勒烯。对两种产物进行了XRD、SEM、HRTEM和Raman结构表征。结果表明：两种纳米金属微粒均可催化得到洋葱状富勒烯；所得产物中有单纯洋葱状富勒烯和内包纳米金属微粒洋葱状富勒烯，且石墨化程度都很高；纳米金属微粒尺寸大小不同决定洋葱状富勒烯的直径分布不均匀，从而造成其拉曼谱峰相对于石墨特征峰1582cm^-1发生了频移；用汽-液-固(VLS)生长模型描述了洋葱状富勒烯生长机理，解释了汽态碳原子通过在液态催化剂中扩散和析出，逐渐长大成形的现象。     

纳米电缆材料的研究进展

纳米电缆材料因其独特的光学性能、电学性能、磁学性能及几何结构而成为当今纳米材料研究领域的热点和重点.介绍了纳米电缆的研究进展、纳米电缆的结构和制备技术的发展状况,详细阐述了电弧放电、化学气相沉积、毛细管虹吸等多种制备方法,并展望了纳米电缆的发展和应用前景,纳米电缆的研究对于以纳米材料为基础而构筑的微纳米器件有着重要的意义.     

电场磁场控制一维碳纳米材料生长研究进展

施加电场或磁场是一种能够有效控制一维碳纳米材料（包括碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维）生长的方法。文章评述了近年来电场磁场控制一维碳纳米材料生长的研究进展,介绍了电场磁场施加于各种不同的碳纳米材料制备方法,并提出了该方法在未来的发展方向。     

Controlling diameter distribution of catalyst nanoparticles in arc discharge

It is demonstrated that the diameter distribution of catalyst nanoparticles in arc discharge can be controlled by a magnetic field. The magnetic field affects the arc shape, shortens the diffusing time of the catalyst nanoparticles through the nucleation zone, and consequentially reduces the average diameters of nanoparticles. The average diameter is reduced from about 7.5 nm without magnetic field to about 5 nm is the case of a magnetic field. Decrease of the catalyst nanoparticle diameter with magnetic field correlates well with decrease in the single-wall carbon nanotube and their bundles diameters.     

Boiling from metal surfaces immersed in liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen

A study of bubble nucleation in liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen has been made in a 120 mm bubble chamber using a high speed cine camera.The initiation and growth of bubbles from artificially prepared cavities was studied. These cavities, produced in both copper and brass surfaces, had mouth radii ranging from 50 μm to 190 μm with depths varying from 110 μm to 500 μm. The liquids were superheated by either heating the surface containing the cavities or by reducing the pressure of the liquid, or by combining both of these methods.The heat fluxes required for initiation of boiling were greater than those required to sustain nucleation from a given site. The growth rate of the bubbles at constant liquid pressure was dependent on a number of factors. It changes as a bubble grew out of the thermal or superheated layer above the metal surface. After an initial period of more rapid growth the vapour volume increased linearly with time. The growth rate was dependent on the liquid used; being slower in liquid hydrogen than in liquid nitrogen. Formulae were obtained which predicted the observed variations in growth rate and departure volume.No nucleation was observed from the test surfaces for a pressure drop alone; the surfaces had to be heated before nucleation would occur. It is thought that this was due to the existence of a zero contact angle for cryogenic liquids on solid surfaces.     

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes produced by hydrogen DC arc discharge at elevated environment temperature

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized by hydrogen DC arc discharge at elevated environment temperature. The sample collected from the soot on the inner wall of the arc discharge furnace was investigated using TEM, HRTEM and X-ray diffraction. The results show that environment temperature has a significant effect on the formation of MWCNTs in the soot in hydrogen atmosphere as well as the diameter of the tubes. When environment temperature in the furnace is higher than about 500 °C, MWCNTs can be formed on the furnace walls with a great quantity.     

Synthesis of Heterogenous Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in a Carbon Arc in Water

Boron-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were generated by arc discharge in water by using B-doped graphite electrodes. The product morphology was studied by SEM and HRTEM microscopy. The electronic features were determinated by Raman and EELS spectroscopy. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used to evaluate the temperature and C₂ content distributions in arc plasma.     

Growth of carbon nanotubes on nanoporous titania templates

This work reports the synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on nanoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) templates. TiO2 nanotubular templates for MWCNTs are produced by anodization of titanium followed by pulsed electrodeposition (PED) of cobalt inside the TiO2 nanotubes. Cobalt acts as a catalyst for the growth of MWCNTs using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. The cobalt catalyst initiates the growth of well graphitized MWCNTs inside the titania pores as well as beyond the titania pores. These materials have been characterized by SEM, EDS, GXRD, XPS, TEM, and ED techniques. The MWCNTs were about 10 mu in length and 80-120 nm in diameter.     

Incorporation of liquid-like multiwalled carbon nanotubes into an epoxy matrix by solvent-free processing

Covalent attachment of 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)-diethylamine to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) produced amino-functionalized MWCNTs which behaved like liquids at ambient temperature. These liquid-like MWCNTs (l-MWCNTs) could be homogeneously dispersed and chemically embedded in an epoxy matrix by solvent-free processing. In contrast, solid MWCNTs (s-MWCNTs) functionalized by 1,8-diaminooctane were poorly dispersed in epoxy although they possess chemical structures and functionalization comparable to l-MWCNTs. An epoxy composite filled with pristine MWCNTs (p-MWCNTs) was also fabricated in the absence of a solvent at the same loading for comparison. The molecular level coupling of l-MWCNTs and epoxy provided significant improvements in overall mechanical properties relative to those composites containing p-MWCNTs and s-MWCNTs. The Young's modulus, storage modulus, tensile strength, failure strain and toughness of neat epoxy were increased by 28.4, 23.8, 22.9, 24.1 and 66.1%, respectively, by adding 0.5?wt% of l-MWCNTs. Thus, functionalized carbon nanotubes in liquid form contributed to better dispersion and superior interfacial bonding with the epoxy matrix, thereby facilitating greater mechanical reinforcement efficiency.     

Synthesis of straight multi-walled carbon nanotubes by arc discharge in air and their field emission properties

The possibility of preparing straight multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on a large scale is demonstrated using direct current arc discharge with a rotating graphite anode in low pressure air. The process is time-saving, economical, and non-hazardous. It is found that the optimum air pressure for the highest yield of MWCNTs is about 60 Torr. Investigation of the internal organization of the cathode deposit reveals that many columns about 40 μm in diameter are closely packed and mechanically stable. The highest content of MWCNTs is found in the intercolumnar spaces between columns. Emitters made of the cathode deposits that contain a large number of straight nanotubes exhibit outstanding field emission properties. The turn-on electric field decreases from 1.44 to 0.93 V/μm and the field enhancement factor β increases from about 3,190 to 7,830 only after simple burning at 750 °C for 30 min in air. The results indicate that MWCNTs prepared by arc discharge in air are promising for field emission application.     

Magnetic removal of dyes from aqueous solution using multi-walled carbon nanotubes filled with Fe2O3 particles

The Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles have been introduced into the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via wet chemical method. The resulting products are characterized by TEM, EDX, XRD and VSM. The magnetic MWCNTs have been employed as adsorbent for the magnetic separation of dye contaminants from water. The adsorption test of dyes (Methylene Blue and Neutral Red) demonstrates that it only takes 60 min to attain equilibrium and the adsorption capacities for Methylene Blue and Neutral Red in the concentration range studied are 42.3 and 77.5 mg/g, respectively. The magnetic MWCNTs can be easily manipulated in magnetic field for desired separation, leading to the removal of dyes from polluted water. The integration of MWCNTs with Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles has great potential application to remove organic dyes from polluted water.     

Measurement of the complex refractive-index spectrum for birefringent and absorptive liquids

The optical constants of birefringent and/or opaque liquids, e.g., liquid crystals and magnetic fluids, are difficult to measure at wavelengths at which a strong light source such as a laser or an arc lamp is not accessible. The refractive index n and the extinction coefficient kappa of these liquids can be simultaneously evaluated from the reflectance curves that are measured in the large incident angle range. A semicylindrical sample cell allows the spectral reflectance measurement with a weak light source even at large incident angles. By using this method, we evaluated the ordinary and the extraordinary indices of a nematic liquid crystal in the continuous wavelength range of 0.55-1.60 mum. The complex refractive indices of magnetic fluids were also evaluated, and the affect of the magnetic field was demonstrated.