以Mn3O4为前驱体制备尖晶石型LiMn2O4及其性能

采用改进的固相反应法合成了高性能的锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4。首先,以廉价的MnSO4为原料,通过水解氧化法制备纳米级Mn3O4前驱体;然后,将Mn3O4和Li2CO3混合均匀,在750℃固相反应20 h,得到尖晶石型LiMn2O4。用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对Mn3O4前驱体和LiMn2O4样品进行表征,用充放电测试和循环伏安技术对LiMn2O4样品进行电化学性能研究。结果表明:所制备的LiMn2O4具有完整的尖晶石型结构,且晶体粒子分布均匀。所制备的LiMn2O4材料在3.0~4.4 V之间,室温(25℃)下,在0.2C倍率下首次放电比容量为130.6 mA.h/g;在0.5C倍率下首次放电比容量为127.1 mA.h/g,30次循环后,容量仍有109.5 mA.h/g,且样品具有较好的高温性能。     

水解沉淀法制备超级电容器SnO_2·XH_2O电极材料（英文）

采用水解沉淀法制备SnO_2·XH_2O电极材料。经过不同温度的焙烧,将得到的SnO_2·XH_2O电极材料用X射线粉末衍射(XRD),透射电子显微镜(TEM)和热失重测试(TGA)进行分析。XRD测试表明,SnO_2·XH_2O电极材料为金红石结构。TEM证实了SnO _2·XH_2O的形貌。TGA表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,SnO _2·XH_2O含水量降低。通过循环伏安法,恒流充放电和循环寿命研究了Sn _2·XH_2O的电化学行为。CV测试表明,在200℃下焙烧的SnO _2·XH_2O电极材料在5 mV/s,0.5 mol/L H_2SO4中的比电容为36.1 F/g。经过_2000次循环后,比电容与首次循环的比电容相比减少了2%。这些结果表明用化学沉淀法制备的Sn O_2·XH_2O是超级电容器良好的候选材料。     

耐久型高倍率性能锰酸锂微球的合成(英文)

以Mn2+和NH4HCO3为原料,通过控制结晶法合成球形MnCO3前驱体模板。以LiNO3和MnCO3为原料,按照一定的摩尔比机械混合,在700°C下煅烧8h,合成高倍率性能和长循环性能的球形尖晶石LiMn2O4材料。分别考查原料的摩尔比、反应时间以及反应温度对前驱体MnCO3形貌和产率的影响。采用X射线粉末衍射和扫描电镜对合成的MnCO3和LiMn2O4进行表征,对LiMn2O4样品进行室温条件下的充放电性能测试。电化学测试结果表明:尖晶石锰酸锂微球在10C的放电倍率下的首次放电容量达90mA·h/g(1C放电容量为148mA/g),800次循环后容量保持率达到75%。该方法合成的LiMn2O4微球作为高功率型锂离子电池的正极材料有着较好的应用前景。     

超级电容器氧化锰电极电容特性研究

利用高锰酸钾和硫酸锰溶液之间的化学共沉淀法制备出氧化锰作为超级电容器的活性电极材料。通过循环伏安法和恒流充放电法,研究了不同热处理温度获得的氧化锰电极,不同循环次数以及不同放电电流条件下,在1mol／LNa2SO4水溶液中的电容特性。结果表明,经低温处理的氧化锰在电位窗口为-0．2～ 0．8V(VSSCE)范围内,表现出典型的电容行为。其中经45℃和80℃处理的氧化锰在放电电流为7．32mA／cm^2条件下,比容量分别为147．97F／g和112．26F／g。80℃处理的氧化锰电极循环性能较好。     

热处理对超级电容器MnO2电极电化学性能的影响

采用阳极电沉积法制备MnO2粉末,并在不同温度(200～450℃)下对MnO2热处理,通过XRD分析热处理温度对MnO2粉末物相结构的影响,采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电法测试热处理温度对MnO2电极电化学性能的影响。结果表明:随着温度的升高,MnO2由原始的γ-MnO2逐渐变为β-MnO2,MnO2电极的比容量先增加后减小;当温度为300℃时,MnO2电极的比容量达到最高,在0.5 mol/L Na2SO4溶液中循环伏安扫描速度为10 mV.s-1条件下,电极比容量为156 F.g-1,且此时电极的稳定性良好,在10000个循环充放电内MnO2电极比容量几乎无衰减。     

超级电容器水合氧化锡电极材料的水解沉淀法制备

采用化学沉淀法在低温下制备SnO2?xH2O电极材料,经过不同温度的焙烧,将得到的不同样品的SnO2?xH2O电极材料经X粉末衍射（XRD）,透射电子显微镜（TEM）,测试表明SnO2?xH2O电极材料为金红石结构和粉末形貌,热失重测试分析(TGA)表明随着SnO2?xH2O电极材料焙烧的温度的升高,焙烧后含水量降低。在0.5M H2SO4溶液中和电位范围0-0.9V（vs Hg/HgCl）内,通过循环伏安法,循环寿命和恒流充放电的电化学测试表明在200℃温度下焙烧的SnO2?xH2O电极材料在5 mV s-1扫描速率下的比电容在36.1 F g-1,经过2000次循环后对比首次循比容量减少了的2%,这些结果表明用化学沉淀法制备的SnO2?xH2O应用在超级电容器中是性能比较好的电极材料。     

循环伏安沉积纳米氧化钌基超级电容器电极材料

在三氯化钌(RuCl3)水溶液中,采用循环伏安法在钽电极表面电化学沉积无定形水合氧化钌(RuO2.xH2O)作为超级电容器电极材料。能谱分析表明,在循环伏安负向扫描时Ru3+在钽电极表面还原为钌金属(Ru),沉积的Ru在随后的正向扫描时被氧化为RuO2.xH2O。扫描电镜观测显示出负向扫描沉积的Ru为纳米尺度,因而获得了纳米结构的RuO2.xH2O。由于纳米结构可以提高电极比表面积和显著缩短离子和电子的传输路径,因而获得了具有高电化学活性的RuO2基超级电容器电极材料。循环伏安、恒电流充放电和电化学阻抗谱测试证实,该电极材料在38%(质量分数,下同)的H2SO4溶液中具有接近理想电容器的容量行为,比容量高达730F.g-1(扫描速率为50mV.s-1)。在质量负载为1.2mg.cm-2时,比容量仍高达700F.g-1。另外,其容量在10万次循环后仍保持不变,充放电效率接近100%。并且该方法可以直接在钽金属基底上电化学沉积RuO2.xH2O,避免了在常规电化学沉积法中需要的预涂层。     

稀土元素对LiMn_2O_4电极材料相结构及性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、电池测试系统等研究了不同稀土掺杂元素La、Ce、Nd等对Pechini法合成的LiMn2O4材料的相结构、形貌及电化学性能的影响规律.结果表明,合成的LiMn2O4、LiLa0.03Mn1.97O4、LiLa0.01Ce0.01Nd0.01Mn1.97O4样品具有纯尖晶石型LiMn2O4结构,LiLa0.015Ce0.015Mn1.97O4样品由LiMn:O.相及微量杂质相CeO2组成;样品呈规则的近球形或球形,其粒径范围为0.5～2.5μm.稀土元素取代使LiMn2O4材料的初始容量略有降低、循环稳定性能有较大增加,LiMn2O4、LiLa0.03Mn1.97O4、LiLa0.015Ce0.015Mn1.97O4、LiLa0.01Ce0.01Nd0.01Mn1.97O42样品的初始容量分别为126.0、120.0、117.3、124.0 mA·h/g,经30次循环充放电后的容量分别为88.9、102.7、101.6、109.1 mA·h/g.     

掺杂元素La、F对尖晶石LiMn2O4材料结构及性能的影响

采用X-射线衍射仪(XRK)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电池测试系统等研究了掺杂元素La、F对高温固相合成尖晶石型LiMn2O4材料的相结构、貌、活化性能、循环稳定性能的影响.结果表明:掺杂元素La、F可有效地提高LiMn2O4样品的充放电效率、循环稳定性能:随着掺杂元素F含量的增加,LiMn2O4-xFx样品的初始容量降低、循环稳定性能呈现出先增后减的变化规律;当掺杂元素La、F的含量较少时,LiLay,Mn2-yO4-xFx样品具有纯的尖晶石LMn2O4结构,样品呈球形或近球形,粒径范围为0.5～2.5 μm,LiLa0.02Mn1.98O3.95F0.05样品的初始放电容量为123.6mAh/g,经30次循环充放电后的容量为114.6mAh/g,容量保持率为92.7%,具有较好的活化性能和循环稳定性能.     

尖晶石LiMn2O4和LiCoO2与电解液的相容性

研究锂离子电池正极活性材料尖晶石LiMn2O4和LiCoO2与6种电解液充、放电时的相容性。用X射线衍射检测自制的LiCoO2试样和尖晶石LiMn2O4试样的结构；用粉末微电极循环伏安法测定6种电解液在导电剂乙炔黑表面的氧化电位；将制得的尖晶石LiMn2O4试样和LiCoO2试样在上述电解液中进行恒电流充放电实验。结果表明：充电至高电位3．3～4．3V（vs Li／Li^＋）时，如果正极活性材料表面与电解液发生不可逆反应并在其上覆盖一薄层电子不可导的钝化膜，则将导致活性材料的充、放电效率降低，放电容量减少，即正极活性材料与电解液的相容性差；反之，则相容性好；尖晶石LiMn2O4与上述6种电解液的相容性都很好，普适性强；LiCoO2与上述6种电解液的相容性差别较大，呈选择性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.