中国电网近年来防雷技术发展及应用效果（英文）

In recent years,along with the rapid expansion of power grids,the increasing complication of grid structures,and the development of smart grids and energy technologies,the lightning protection of power grids becomes increasingly prominent.Power grids of China have acquired significant achievements on lightning protection technologies,which are reviewed in this paper.A technical route of lightning protection is introduced in detail; it allows us to find problems through detection and measurement of lightning,to analyze problems through evaluation and simulation of lightning,to solve problems through lightning protection measures,and to prevent problems through hazard risk warning of lightning.Following the route,the technical breakthroughs of these four aspects in China are presented,including the chinese lightning detection network(CLDN),natural lightning observations,lightning faults detection at transmission lines,lightning current measurements,progresses in lightning distribution maps,lightning fault replays,lightning hazard risk evaluations,and lightning simulated experiments,as well as novel lightning protection measures.The practical devices and systems corresponding to the technologies mentioned above are also introduced and discussed.Due to the progress of lightning protection technologies in recent years,despite the rapidly growing length of transmission lines in China,the lightning accident rate is controlled at a certain level.     

±800KV特高压直流输电系统换流变阀侧绕组过电压与绝缘配合(英文)

The determination of insulation levels for valve windings of ± 800 kV UHVDC converter transformers is a key problem for designing and manufacturing of the converter transformers.Based on the Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 kV DC power transmission project,the arrester parameters for direct or indirect protection of the valve windings are selected.The EMTDC program is used to calculate several faults,which determine mainly the specified insulation levels of valve winding for temporary,switching and lightning impulses,and the overvoltage generating mechanisms according to these faults are analyzed.The polarity reversal overvoltage and the related reversal time at valve windings caused by the emergency switch off sequence of converters(ESOF) are calculated to confirm the necessity of DC voltage polarity reversal type tests of valve windings.The reasonability of the three insulation coordination methods,which determine converter transformers’ switching impulse insulation levels,is analyzed.Method 1 is concluded to be more reasonable,and it is used to determine the switching impulse withstand voltage(SIWV) from the switching overvoltage calculation results.The lightning impulse withstand voltage(LIWV) of valve windings can be determined by the ratio between LIWV and SIWV.The principle of the ratio selection is presented,and it is used to determine the LIWV.The operation experience of Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 kV DC project has proven that the presented insulation levels is appropriate.     

2000～2007年输电线路雷击闪络统计分析(英文)

Lightning stroke is one of the important causes of the accidents that occur on transmission lines. With the development of power system, the proportion of outages on transmission lines because of lightning stroke also increases. And according to the lightning accidents results, the lightning stroke characteristics is related to the time factors tightly. In order to analyze the correlativity between the lightning flashover amount and the time factors, about 425 times lightning flashover on 187 lines in 10 power supply companies of 220 kV and 500 kV transmission lines during 2000～2007 are investigated in this paper. The correlativity between the lightning flashover amount and the time factors is analyzed. According to the lightning stroke accidents investigation records, the lightning flashover amount of transmission line increases from the year of 2000 to 2007. In each year lightning flashovers mostly happen in the month of June, July and August. Similarly in each day the flashover amount also varies with the time of day obviously. These lightning flashovers mainly occur during 14:00～21:00 in the afternoon. The analysis results in this paper have a good agreement with the meteorological observations and lightning detection data of lightning location system (LLS). And these results provide good reference for the lightning protection work in power system.     

Effects of Location，Size and Number of Wind Turbine Receptorson Blade Lightning Protection

Electric and magnetic fields generated by lightning cause a serious hazard to various systems.Now wind turbine installations with higher power capacity are increasing.Higher power capacity requires higher height and so there is more probability of lightning strike.Blades are the most probable components to be struck by lightning.The most common lightning protection system for the blades consists of several metallic receptors on the blade surface.Those are connected to the ground by metallic down-conductors placed inside the blade shell.This paper studies effects of the receptor configurations on protecting the blade against lightning strike.For this purpose,an analysis procedure based on finite element method(FEM)in COMSOL Multiphysics software environment is used.The voltage distribution around the blade is simulated for various configurations of receptors.The best configuration is presented.Simulations are performed on the blade model of a special wind turbine,which isVESTAS V47".     

架空配电线路雷电防护研究（英文）

There are two major protective methods against lightning outages on overhead distribution lines.One is a surge arrester,and the other is an overhead ground wire.The surge arresters have rather constant effect regardless of the cause of the lightning outage.On the other hand,the effect of an overhead ground wire is quite different in two major causes,the direct lightning hit and the induced overvoltage.It is sufficient to provide surge arresters with an interval of 300 m for protection against the induced overvoltage caused by the nearby lightning stroke.Use of an overhead ground wire together with surge arresters is effective for lightning protection against the direct lightning hit to a distribution line.Puncture of surge arresters is the popular outage when the outage caused by the insulation break decreases sufficiently.Also,the existence of nearby trees leads to the line break due to the side flash from a tree.Advanced lightning protection equipment with ZnO arrester components is popular in Japan.Modeling of a pole transformer and application of an electromagnetic analysis method,such as FDTD method,to surge phenomena is considerably advanced.     

特高压直流输电线路雷击上行先导竞机制(英文)

Research on the lightning shielding failure characteristics of UHVDC transmission lines is important for adequate transmission line protection and safe operation of a power grid.Focusing the competition characteristics of upward leaders in the lightning attachment process,this work provides technical reference for efficient evaluations of lightning shielding failures and reliable lightning protection designs of UHVDC transmission lines.The charge simulation method is employed to calculate electric field distributions.Based on the calculation and some data obtained by recent long-gap discharge and lightning observations,the effect of several upward leaders starting from UHVDC transmission lines on lightning attachment processes is studied by numerical simulation.The results show that the upward leader inception is delayed,the propagation velocity is smaller,and the propagation direction of the upward leader is changed with interaction among all upward leaders,which influences the selection of lightning striking point.Therefore,in order to improve the accuracy of calculating the lightning shielding failure rate of UHVDC transmission lines,the interaction characteristics of upward leaders should be taken into account.In addition,an analysis of the influence of operating voltage and the protection angle of UHVDC transmission lines based on competition mechanism of upward leaders is made.It is found that the existence of operating voltage mainly affects the ability of the conductor and the overhead ground wire at the same side to incept upward leaders,while the protection angle mainly affects the position of the "starting points" of upward leaders.The results indicate that positive polar conductors should be installed closer to hillsides and the negative protection angle of towers is suggested.     

基于随机理论的特高压输电线路雷电屏蔽模型(英文)

The operation data obtained abroad indicates that shielding failure in UHV transmission lines mostly accounts for the tripping-out accidents introduced by lightning striking the transmission line.Based on the discharge theories of long air gap and randomness theory,a leader progression model of lightning shielding failure is presented in this paper.The random characteristics of the downward and upward leader are simulated in this model.The ground slope angel is also considered in this model by using coordinate transformation.Moreover,the system voltage is also taken into consideration in this model.The simulation results show that the good agreement between this model and the field data.And the results suggest that return striking exist obviously in UHV transmission line.     

绝缘电极之间雷电冲击下油中放电特性分析(英文)

Looking at the problem of electrical discharge development in mineral oil, it is easy to see that most studies in this area focused on the setups of bare high voltage electrodes having a point-plane electrode arrangement. The setups with insulated electrodes are the mar- gin of these studies but it seems to be important to find the dependences between the paper insulation on high voltage electrode and parameters of the discharges initiated in the vicinity of this electrode. Hence, in this paper the results of researches intended to reveal the role of insulation wrapping on a HV electrode in the mechanism of electrical discharges in transformer oil under lightning impulse of both polar- ities are presented. This role is determined by analysis of the parameters characterizing the discharges (onset voltage, propagation velocity, time to initiation, rise-time of light impulses) and also by observation of their spatio-temporal development and oscillograms of the light emitted by their channels. The research was performed for two model electrode configurations: an electrode with paper insulation and a bare electrode which had the same outer dimensions as the insulated one. The most essential conclusion from performed experiment is related to times to initiation. These times, equal in the case of insulated electrodes and model bare electrode, indicate that the source of "weak points" of the paper-oil insulation system is the oil, not the surface of insulation wrapping or the metal.     

闪电放电通道的等离子体特性（英文）

The plasma characteristics of a lightning discharge channel are reviewed.The spectrum of the natural lightning is investigated by employing the slit-less spectrograph.It is found that the spectrum characteristics are closely related to the intensity of the lightning discharge.The lines in the lightning spectrum are classified into essential lines and characteristic lines,according to the characteristics of lightning spectra with different intensities.The characteristics of the lightning channel and the radiation of the lighting plasma are analyzed in the visible and infrared regions.It is shown that,the visible spectrum of lightning is determined by the radiation generated from the early stage to the development of lightning,while the near-infrared spectrum is determined by the radiation generated after current of lightning reaches the peak.The channel temperature and the electron density are calculated using the information obtained from the lightning spectrum.Both the temperature and the density decrease with the increasing length of lightning channel.Moreover,X-rays and neutrons are produced in the process of lighting mainly due to the pinch effects.     

山区输电线路防雷保护角的修正计算方法（英文）

Shielding angle is one of the main factors influencing lightning performance of transmission lines,which always stays in the focus of the design and the evaluation of lightning protection.A formula for the improved shielding angle is proposed for evaluating the lightning performance in different terrains.The digital elevation model(DEM) is used to obtain the micro-topography data,such as the slope gradient,slope aspect,etc.The following results are obtained by analyzing the influence of topography factors on the improved shielding angle:(1) improved shielding angle non-linearly increases with the increase of the slope gradient and the slope aspect,(2) improved shielding angle is more sensitive to the slope gradient than to the slope aspect,(3) the improved shielding angle in the mountain terrains is much greater than the designed shielding angle.This may be the reason why the designed shielding angle is limited into the rational range,while the shielding faults occur frequently.     

500 kV交流线路复合绝缘子并联间隙应用研究

为了设计和开发性能优良的的超高压输电线路并联间隙防雷保护装置,开展了绝缘子串并联间隙的相关研究,包括其雷电冲击放电特性试验、操作冲击放电特性试验、工频短路电流试验和工频电压分布研究。提出了一种兼具绝缘子防雷保护和工频电场均压功能的环形并联间隙,并评估了加装并联间隙后的500 kV交流线路的耐雷性能。研究结果表明,所设计的并联间隙具有绝缘子雷击闪络保护、转移疏导工频电弧和均匀电场分布的功能,使得平原地区架空线路加装并联间隙后雷击跳闸率低于0.14次/(100 km.a)。     

一次多回击自然闪电引发的输电线路感应过电压特征分析

针对野外低压架空输电线路开展了过电压防护试验研究。通过一次典型的多回击自然闪电引起的过电压并结合闪电定位资料,对输电线路不同位置的入户端及采集器前端的过电压大小、采集器前端电涌保护器(surge protective device,SPD)残压特性及入户端L线过电压和闪电回击电流之间的关系进行了分析和探讨。通过分析发现:近距离的闪电能在架空输电线路上产生几kV的感应过电压,过电压持续时间平均约1.0 ms,采集器前端安装SPD动作后,较远的入户端过电压波形也会受其影响;采集器前端SPD动作残压持续时间平均约218μs,比标准8/20μs冲击波试验持续时间长;入户端感应过电压、回击电流与距离有很好的线性拟合关系。     

直流输电系统的防雷保护

针对我国高压直流输电线路的雷击闪络率较高的问题,深入研究了直流输电系统的防雷保护。由于其结构和控制保护不同于交流系统,直流输电线路的雷电性能与交流输电线路有所不同,通过对国内外计算方法的分析研究,结合我国正极性导线容易发生雷击闪络的运行经验,提出了直流输电线路的计算方法和计算用参数的建议并对直流换流站的防雷措施进行了分析,提出了合适的直流输电系统的防雷保护措施。     

特高压线路的避雷线保护范围设计

目前,在特高压线路的避雷线保护范围设计中,仍采用传统的不考虑特高压导线电压影响的方法,可能使特高压线路避雷线的实际保护范围满足不了高可靠性防雷设计的要求。为了解决这一问题,在特高压线路的避雷线保护范围设计中,考虑特高压导线电压的影响,提出以特高压导线的最小对地空气间隙距离为半径,构成特高压导线的等效绝缘截面,并设计该等效绝缘截面位于避雷线的保护范围之内。计算结果表明,若不考虑特高压导线电压的影响,特高压线路的避雷线保护范围将存在严重的安全隐患。     

A field study of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines

The number of home electric appliances, such as personal computers and telephones, has been rapidly increasing. Lightning damage to these home electric appliances has a great impact on a highly sophisticated information society. There are cases in which lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines cause malfunctions in them, even though they are equipped with surge protective devices to protect against lightning overvoltages. Therefore, for lightning protection of low‐voltage equipment including home electric appliances, it is important to understand the phenomenon of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage power distribution lines. However, many aspects of this problem are not entirely clear, in particular how they are generated. The Tokyo Electric Power Company carried out lightning observations on low‐voltage distribution lines. The observation results provide a statistical distribution of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines. A mechanism for generating lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines is inferred from the observed waveforms and facilities data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 12–21, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21299     

基于雷电活动的线路雷击跳闸故障分析及对策

为了提高输电线路防雷工作水平,对2005年—2013年天生桥局所辖输电线路雷击跳闸情况和雷电活动的关系分别按时间、区域、雷电流幅值、电压等级和地形进行了分析。结果表明:线路雷击跳闸情况和雷电活动间存在一致性,但电压等级、直流线路极性和雷电流不同时二者差异较大。相关数据显示了近年来雷电活动呈加强趋势,而线路雷击跳闸率呈下降趋势,这说明天生桥局防雷工作开展效果良好,防污调爬、防雷改造工作起到实效。基于分析结果,明确了天生桥局今后的防雷工作重点,提出针对性的防雷工作建议。     

防止架空绝缘线路雷击断线方案的选择

通过分析防止配电线路架空绝缘导线雷击断线的技术措施和装置,提出适合配电线路架空绝缘导线雷击断线的设计方案,即考虑到线路过电压保护器在其它地区的运行情况较好,选定采取线路过电压保护器为绝缘配电线路的主要防雷措施,可有效地防止架空绝缘导线雷击断线事故。     

导线电压对其雷电绕击耐雷性能的影响

雷电绕击是高压线路的雷击事故的主要因素。为了提高压输电线路绕击耐雷性能,考虑雷击大地、避雷线和导线的差别,分析了导线工作电压对击距的影响,推导出最大击距的计算公式,从而得到最大击距与雷电的正负极性、导线电压的大小及正负极性、击距系数的关系,并以实例论证了可以通过平衡塔高、地面倾角、击距系数和保护角的取值有效地提高线路的绕击耐雷性能。     

Laser-guided discharge characteristics of long air gaps and observation of the discharge process

Laser-guided discharge is promising for protection of power transmission systems against lightning. Several experiments concerning the laser-induced electrical discharge have been performed up to now. However, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of the laser-induced electrical discharge to achieve the laser-triggered lightning. When a high-power laser beam is focused in air, a high degree of ionization is produced as brilliant beams near the focus. In this paper, the electrical discharge induced up to 2-meters with a high-power CO₂ laser focused by a 10-meter focal length mirror is described. Experiments of the laser-guided discharge were carried out by application of an impulse voltage to a rod-rod gap after laser radiation. This paper deals with the effects of delay times and polarity of the impulse voltage on 50 percent flashover voltage characteristics and the observation results of discharge phenomena taken by a still camera, a special camera named ALPS (Automatic Lightning Discharge Progressing Feature Observation System) and an image converter camera.     

屏蔽套内雷电感应电压分析

为了研究直击雷的雷电流沿金属管传输时在3种不同材质屏蔽管内的金属线上产生的感应电压,笔者应用一个简单的电阻电路图,对3种不同金属屏蔽管内金属线上的感应电压进行分析、计算,得到不同的感应电压数值,并对电子设备防雷提出了建议.数值计算结果表明,影响导线上感应电压的关键因素是屏蔽管的转移阻抗,不同金属材质屏蔽管的屏蔽效果有差异.