味精生产中陈粮大米糖化工艺的研究

研究了液化温度和时间、糖化温度和时间、酶用量、pH和底物浓度在糖化过程中对糖化质量和DE值的影响,确定了陈粮大米糖化工艺的最适条件为液化pH5.8～6 0,α-淀粉酶10～12U/g干物质,105～108℃维持5～8min,闪冷到95～97℃,保持90～120min.;糖化pH4.2～4.4,糖化酶100～120U/g干物质,温度60+2℃,时间28～32h.     

双酶法水解橡子淀粉工艺研究

为掌握中温α-淀粉酶和糖化酶联合水解橡子淀粉的工艺条件,该研究在单因素试验的基础上,运用正交试验设计方法对橡子中的淀粉水解工艺进行了研究和优化。结果表明,橡子淀粉最佳液化工艺条件为中温α-淀粉酶添加量30 U/g,液化温度70 ℃,CaCl2添加量0.3%,液化pH 7.5,液化时间120 min,葡萄糖当量（DE）值为27.79%;最佳糖化工艺条件为糖化酶添加量300 U/g,糖化温度50 ℃,糖化pH 4.5,糖化时间120 min,DE值为48.13%。     

紫薯饮料的液化糖化工艺研究

研究了以紫薯为原料制备天然紫薯饮料,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了紫薯饮料的酶解液化工艺和糖化工艺,得到最优液化工艺为:高温α-淀粉酶加酶量40 U/g、90℃酶解15min;最佳糖化工艺为:葡萄糖淀粉酶加酶量120 U/g、糖化温度64℃、糖化pH4.5、糖化时间3h。此工艺条件下制作的紫薯饮料色泽鲜艳、口感良好、营养丰富。     

凉薯液化糖化工艺

主要论述不同因素对凉薯淀粉液化糖化过程的影响.通过单因素和正交试验,通过试验得出最佳液化条件:液化温度为95℃,pH为6.0,α-淀粉酶添加量为12U/g,液化时间为60min;最佳糖化条件:糖化温度为55℃,pH为4.0,糖化酶添加量为160 U/g,糖化时间为2 h.结果表明工艺的还原糖产量较高,为凉薯酒的酿造打好基础.     

板栗酒生产中糖化工艺研究

为提高板栗原料利用率及板栗糖化液糖度,对板栗酒生产过程中的糖化工艺进行探讨。以新鲜板栗为原料,先经α-淀粉酶液化处理,所得液化液再由糖化酶糖化得糖化液。考察温度、pH、酶添加量、时间等因素对糖化的影响,利用正交试验对糖化工艺进行优化。试验结果表明,最优糖化工艺参数为液化温度65℃,pH值为6.5,加α-淀粉酶量10U/g;糖化温度60℃,pH值为4.5,加糖化酶量80U/g,糖化时间100min。     

玉米粉液化及糖化工艺条件优化

以玉米粉为原料,葡萄糖当量（DE）值作为评价指标,研究料液比、时间、酶添加量、温度、pH值对玉米粉液化及糖化效果的影响,采用单因素及正交试验对液化、糖化工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,将玉米粉加水配制成料液比1∶4（g∶mL）的浆料,调pH 6.2,最佳液化工艺条件为α-淀粉酶添加量8 U/g、液化温度80 ℃、液化时间60 min、液化液调pH 4.3;最佳糖化条件为糖化酶添加量250 U/g、糖化温度60 ℃、糖化时间12 h。在此最佳条件下,葡萄糖当量值达到93.1%。     

小米饮料的最佳液化、糖化及稳定条件研究

本文主要对小米饮料的淀粉液化、糖化的最佳反应条件和稳定剂对小米饮料稳定性的影响进行了探讨,结果表明小米浸提液的液化最佳条件为:α-淀粉酶的加酶量6U/g淀粉,作用时间90min,作用温度70℃,pH6.5;糖化的最佳条件为:β-淀粉酶的加酶量100U/g淀粉,作用时间60min,作用温度60℃,pH5.5;稳定剂的最佳配比为:0.5%的阿拉伯胶、0.07%的瓜儿豆胶、0.07%的黄原胶、2.1%的蔗糖。     

碎米双酶解成注射用葡萄糖的液化糖化工艺研究

目的:对碎米双酶解法制成注射用葡萄糖的制备工艺中液化与糖化工序展开研究,探求适宜此制备工艺中最佳的液化与糖化工艺条件;方法:采用双酶解法,利用米氏方程数学模型,选用DE值、蛋白质含量、透光率等指标展开研究;结果:碎米的最佳粉碎度为60～80目;液化酶的最佳用量为160U·g-1;液化最佳工艺为碎米粉至60目,调浆浓度25％～30％,液化时间30min,CaCl2用量为0.3％,pH为6.0,温度为90～95℃,鸿鹰祥酶用量为160U/g;糖化最佳工艺为鸿鹰祥糖化酶用量为150U/g干物质,普鲁兰酶用量为0.25U/g物质,糖化时间为24h,pH为4.2,温度为60℃.结论:通过本研究,解决了碎米酶解成注射用葡萄糖的液化糖化的最佳工艺条件,为碎米制成注射用葡萄糖奠定了基础.     

双酶法液化及糖化马铃薯干粉工艺的研究

研究不同因素对马铃薯干粉酶法液化和糖化过程的影响.通过单因子试验和正交试验,以黏度为指标,得出最佳液化条件为:pH为6.0,粉碎度40目,温度85℃,时间80min,加酶量8 U/g,加水量105 L/30 g底物.以糖化率为指标,得出最佳糖化条件为pH为4.0,温度55℃,时间30min,加酶量为110U/g.结果表明,该方法反应条件温和,糖化率较高,为马铃薯酒精的发酵打好了基础.     

板粟深加工中淀粉的酶水解研究

试验对比了BAA中温α-淀粉酶和耐高温α-(Termamyl 120L,S型)对板栗浆液中淀粉的液化效果，选择使用耐高温α-淀粉酶(Termamyl 1120L，S型)为液化板栗淀粉的作用酶，单因素研究确定了液化工艺参数为：料水比1：5，液化温度90℃，pH6．0，酶用量7U／g果肉，液化时间60min。然后采用Novozym^TMAG糖化酶对液化后的板粟淀粉进行糖化，以淀粉水解度(DE值)和糖化液中还原糖的含量(g／100m1)为指标，正交试验表明，在糖化温度60℃，pH4．5，Novozym^TMAG使用量为80U／g果肉的条件下糖化90min，可使水解度(DE值)和糖化液中还原糖含量(g／100m1)分别达到48．9％和4．52g／100ml。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.