活性污泥系统仿真研究

以活性污泥1号模型(ASM1)和固体通量沉淀模型为基础,结合反应器原理,基于MATLAB/SIMULINK工具箱建立ASM1模型通用模块,根据IWAQ报告检验其正确性,取得很好的校验结果,可以应用于系统的模拟仿真与预测.     

前置反硝化污水生化处理过程优化控制

针对活性污泥前置反硝化污水生化处理工艺,提出一种以排水质量指标为约束条件、以能量消耗最小为目标的优化控制方案．由于污水生化过程机理复杂、参数众多,其最优问题求解困难．因此,在原有活性污泥1号模型和国际评价基准的基础上建立了能够有效模拟原有模型的简化模型,并进一步结合混合遗传算法进行寻优,显著提高了求解效率．仿真结果表明了该方案和方法的有效性．     

上海市计算机应用能力考核(中级)试题解答

基础知识　1．单项选择题　注意：答案后括号中的内容为教科书中写到该知识点处的页码，极个别的选项书中没有直接给出，不同。　1．D（P．18～20）；2．D（P．24）；3．C（P．42）；4．D（P．74）；5．C（P．271）；6．C（P．414）；7．B（P．429）；8．B（P．458）；9．B（P．459）。2．多项选择题　10．A、B、C、D（P．1）；11．B、C（P．6）；12．A、E（P．8）；13．B、C、E（P．16）；14．C（P．15～19）；15．A、C（P．20）；16．A、C、D（P．72）；17．A、D（P．80）；18．C、D（P．133）；19．A、B（P．198）…     

基于ANFIS的污水处理过程建模的研究

针对活性污泥法污水处理过程的特点，提出了一种基于ANFIS的建模方法。以污水处理厂水质数据为样本，首先利用主元分析（PCA）实现输入变量的降维和去相关，随后采用减法聚类算法生成初始模糊推理系统，进而采用ANFIS建立活性污泥法污水处理过程模型。仿真实验表明：基于ANFIS的建模方法是有效的；通过仿真结果比较，PCA-减法聚类-ANFIS网络的拟合能力及收敛速度均优于PCA—BP，更适合作为活性污泥法污水处理过程模型。     

上海市计算机应用能力考核《办公自动化》试题详解

基础知识1．A；2．A；3．C；4．B；5．D；6．D；7．D；8．C；9．D；10，C；11．D；12．B；13．A；14．D；15．C；16．C；17．A；18．13；；19．C；20．B。上机操作一、Windows操作1．题解：（1）启动中文Windows3．1。在C：＼＞提示符下，键入win，屏幕上出现“程序管理器”窗口。在“选项［O］”菜单中，选择“退出时保存设定值［S］”菜单项。（2）打开并激活“字符映射表”窗口。在“程序管理器”窗口中，双击“附件”组图标，进入“附件”窗口。双击“字符映射表”图标，则打开“字符映射表”窗口。（3）复制该窗口至剪贴板，…     

上海市计算机应用能力考核(初级)试题解答

基本知识答案：1．D；ZC；3．C；4．D；5．A；6．D；7．C；8．AZ9．A；10．D；11．B；12．C；13．A；14D；15．C；16．D；17．D；18．A；19．C；Zo．D；刀．A；22．C；23．B；24．D；25．c。上机操作一、DOS操作1操作步骤：C：＼＞renA：＼OAK＼HOST．ASMHOTEL．ASM。2操作步田：C：＼＞。。pyA：＼COMPT＼THORN．TXT＋A：＼NURSE＼OCTAVTXTA：＼OAK＼HASTG．TXT。3．操作步骤：C：＼＞mdA：＼OAK＼CYPRESC：＼＞COPyA：＼OAK＼WILI，OW＼k．kA：＼OAK＼CYPRESC：＼＞delA：＼OAK＼W…     

CAR-RS350IP/R400IP/R550IP网络红外摄像机系列

CBC新款1／3型ZC—D5000系列摄像机具有540TVL的高解析度．在数字日夜转换状态下最低照度可达0．81ux（在机械式日夜转换状态下为0．001ux）。镜头的焦距有2．9-8．2mm（F1．0），2．8-12mm（F1．3）可供选择．     

序批式反应器污水处理系统仿真模型的建立

序批式反应器污水处理系统(SBR)是目前应用很广的一种污水处理工艺。该文以国际水质量协会(IWA)发布的活性污泥生化污水处理系统标准模型ASM2d以及benchmark组成协议为基础,结合序批式反应器污水处理系统的特点,分析了序批示反应器各阶段的物料平衡,从而开发了脱氮除磷SBR系统的Matlab仿真模型。模型运行检验表明,该模型能较好地模拟脱氮除磷序批式反应器污水处理系统中的生化反应过程,可以作为一般SBR系统运行仿真平台用于SBR系统的优化、控制及监视策略的研究。     

利用三维细胞自动机模拟活性污泥法的处理过程

针对活性污泥法的污水处理过程,提出了利用三维细胞自动机模型进行模拟的方法．该方法通过对曝 气池内活性污泥法处理过程动态演化过程的模拟,直观地揭示出活性污泥法的污水处理过程．用实际数据进行了验 证,证明了该方法能够有效地展现曝气池内污水净化的过程,实现了其可视化,并描绘了活性污泥的生长曲线．     

市场风向

CPU：Intel方面，低端的Celeron系列只有Celeron 2．4G（散）下降5元。Celeron D方面，32位产品中D325（散）下降5元；而64位Celeron D，多款产品出现价格大跌，其中D331（散）／D336（散）／D331（盒）分别大降了10／20／15元，目前性价比不错。Pentium 4处理器，2．0A（散）／2．6C（盒）／2．8B（散）／2．8E（散）／2．8E（盒）分别下跌20／20／15／40／40元。775针脚Pentium 4处理器无论是散装还是盒装产品，降幅在5-15元之间。     

Transformers for interfacing anaerobic digestion models to pre- and post-treatment processes in a plant-wide modelling context

In view of the growing importance of integrated and plant-wide modelling of wastewater treatment plants, this work reviews, applies and compares two transforming/interfacing methods by connecting anaerobic digestion and activated sludge models. The two methods are systematic approaches to transform state variables of one model to another and vice versa. The theory of the first method was presented before (Vanrolleghem et al., 2005. Wat. Sci. Technol., 52(1–2), 493–500.) as a general approach for interfacing any two models presented by Petersen matrices. The present work is the first application and therefore validation of this general approach. The theory of the second method was specifically developed for connecting ASM1 and ADM1, both standard IWA models. As an illustration, in this work a specific simulation example is presented in which the COST/IWA activated sludge benchmark plant is extended by sludge treatment and digestion facilities.     

Application of evolutionary optimisers in data-based calibration of Activated Sludge Models

Modelling activated sludge systems has become an accepted practice in Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) design, teaching and research, and Activated Sludge Models (ASM) are by far the most widely used models for activated sludge systems. In most ASM applications, calibration is based on more or less ad-hoc and trial and error approaches. Calibration of the ASMs remains the weakest link in the overall process of modelling biological wastewater treatment. In this paper, a calibration approach is proposed where the need for expert knowledge and modeller effort is significantly reduced. The calibration approach combines identifiability analysis and evolutionary optimisers to automate the ASM calibration. Identifiability analysis is used to deal with poor identifiability of the model structures and evolutionary optimisers are used to identify the model parameters. The applied evolutionary optimisers are Genetic Algorithms and Differential Evolution. Performance of the evolutionary optimisers is compared with a previously proposed calibration approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. All methods were capable of calibrating the model when given enough computation time. However, some of the evolutionary optimisation methods had an advantage in terms of computation time against the Monte Carlo method.     

Control of an alternating aerobic–anoxic activated sludge system — Part 1: development of a linearization-based modeling approach

A two-phase model (linear in each phase) is developed for an alternating aerobic–anoxic completely mixed activated sludge process for the removal of carbonaceous substrates, nitrification, and denitrification. The linearized model is adapted from the activated sludge model No. 1 (ASM1) originally developed by the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control. The modified dynamic model captures the essential process features of ASM1 while dramatically reducing demand on computational resources. Simulations may be conducted in such short times that the simplified model is suitable for inclusion in on-line optimization-based process control schemes. Calibrated model parameters are within the ranges specified in ASM1. Comparison of model predictions with experimental measurements from two different sets of bench-scale alternating aerobic–anoxic reactors indicates reasonable prediction accuracy of the model; further compensation for inaccuracy is achievable by introducing a feedback loop.     

Dissolved oxygen control for activated sludge processes

Controllers for dissolved oxygen reference trajectory tracking for activated sludge processes are proposed and investigated. A nonlinear model predictive controller and a direct reference adaptive controller are investigated. Both the nutrient and the phosphorous removal from a wastewater by its biological treatment using an activated sludge technology are considered. An approach to the controller design utilises a structure of the dissolved oxygen dynamics and its two time scales: fast and slow. The predictive controllers offer good tracking performance and robustness. The direct model reference adaptive controller is much simpler to implement. However, it is more difficult to compromise between tracking accuracy and rate of change and magnitudes of the control actions. The controllers are validated by simulation using real data sets and an ASM2d model of the biological reactor.     

Facial landmarks detection using improved active shape model on android platform

Detection of facial feature is fundamental for applications such as security, biometrics, 3D face modeling and personal authentication. Active Shape Model (ASM) is one of the most popular local texture models for face detection. This paper presents an issue related to face detection based on ASM, and proposes an efficient extraction algorithm for facial landmarks suitable for use on mobile devices. We modifies the original ASM to improve its performance with three changes; (1) Improving the initialization model using the center of the eyes by using a feature map of color information, (2) Constructing modified model definition and fitting more landmarks than the classical ASM, and (3) Extending and building a 2-D profile model for detecting faces in input image. The proposed method is evaluated on dataset containing over 700 images of faces, and experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm exhibited a significant improvement of over 10.2 % in average success ratio, compared to the classic ASM, clearly outperforming on success rate and computing time.     

基于Hausdorff距离和改进ASM的人脸跟踪方法*

针对视频图像中人脸定位跟踪的问题,提出了基于Hausdorff距离和改进ASM的跟踪方法.由于Hausdorff距离多模板匹配的复杂性,采用ASM的人脸模型作为模板大大降低了模型维数;并对传统的ASM算法进行了改进,利用DCT进行去相关和能量集中,充分利用特征点附近的二维纹理信息代替传统ASM的一维灰度信息,提高了定位速度和精度.实验证明该方法在视频图像人脸跟踪中是非常有效的.     

基于改进ASM的三维人脸自动对齐算法

针对传统三维人脸对齐算法需要大量人工操作和数据冗余的不足,提出一种基于改进主动形状模型的三维人脸自动对齐算法。该算法对二维人脸进行快速自动特征定位,根据三维人脸柱面展开的二维纹理图进行自动特征定位并分片。采用基于平面模板的重采样算法,自动实现三维人脸顶点稠密对齐。实验结果表明,该算法在提高运算速率的同时,得到的归一化结果与原始数据仍能保持99%形状相似度。     

A hybrid ASM approach for sparse volumetric data segmentation

Three-Dimensional (3D) Active Shape Modeling (ASM) is a straightforward extension of 2D ASM. 3D ASM is robust when true volumetric data is considered. However, when the information in one dimension is sparse, pure 3D ASM tends to be less robust. We present a hybrid 2D + 3D methodology which can deal with sparse 3D data. 2D and 3D ASMs are combined to obtain a “global optimal” segmentation of the 3D object embedded in the data set, rather than the “locally optimal” segmentation on separate slices. Experimental results indicate that the developed approach shows equivalent precision on separate slices but higher consistency for whole volumes when compared to 2D ASM, while the results for whole volumes are improved when compared to the pure 3D ASM approach. The text was submitted by the authors in English. Stuart Michael Williams, born in 1967, graduated with BAHons in 1989, BMBCh in 1992 from Oxford University, UK; MRCP (1995), FRCR(1999); Stuart Michael Williams is currently the Consultant Radiologist of Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK. His research areas include oncological radiology with an interest in image analysis and medical education. Stuart Michael Williams has 24 publications (monographs and articles). He is a member of the Royal College of Radiologists; member of the European Congress of Radiology; and a member of the European Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology. Yanong Zhu, born in 1975, graduated with B. Sci. in 1997 and M. Sci. in 2002 from Northwest University, China and PhD in 2006 from the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. His research areas include computer vision, medical image understanding, and analysis. Yanong Zhu has eight publications (monographs and articles). Reyer Zwiggelaar, born in 1963, graduated with B. Sci. from State University Groningen, the Netherlands in 1989. He was awarded his PhD in 1993 by University College London, UK. Reyer Zwiggelaar is currently the Senior Lecturer at the University of Wales Aberystwyth, UK. Dr. Zwiggelaar has more than 80 publications (monographs and articles). His research areas include medical image understanding, especially concentrating on mammographic data, pattern recognition, statistical methods, and feature detection techniques.     

Control of an alternating aerobic–anoxic activated sludge system — Part 2: optimization using a linearized model

Complex models, such as activated sludge model No. 1 (ASM1), have rarely been used in practice for process control or optimization. One major reason for this is the computational effort demanded by these models for both parameter estimation and simulation. Therefore, a linearized version of the ASM1 model is developed and applied to the control and optimization of a bench-scale alternating aerobic/anoxic activated sludge system. The model prediction was used to optimize the aeration time by manipulating t_c (total cycle time) and f_a (fraction of aeration cycle time) while meeting the permit requirement of the effluent ammonia concentration. The linear nature of the model facilitates its use for on-line calculations, and error feedback is used to counteract problems of model inaccuracy. The model was applied to two cases in which the influent compositions were either known currently or only the previous day's information was available. The average optimized f_a was found to be 0.30 for the first case and 0.37 for the second case, when the maximum effluent NH₄⁺–N concentration was set at 1 mg/l. The efficiency of nitrogen removal was 76% for both test cases since nitrate could almost completely be removed through adequate anoxic cycle ratios resulting from the f_a optimization.