挟沙气流中输沙量垂线分布的实验研究

为了克服传统的垂直集沙方法在近床面区测量精度较低的缺陷 ,本文将垂直集沙方法和水平集沙方法结合 ,在风洞内测量了气流中输沙量沿垂线的分布 ,同时对沙粒沿风洞轴向的水平降落量进行了量测。实验分别针对五种风速条件和两种沙粒级配条件进行。结果表明 :挟沙气流中输沙量沿垂线分布的上段符合传统的指数递减分布规律 ,近床面区的输沙量较对应的指数分布函数预测值偏大 ,偏大的程度随气流摩阻速度和沙粒粒径的增大而减小。采用本文的实验方法可以半定量地揭示近床面区输沙量偏离指数递减分布规律的原因 ,并能够合理地概括以往关于近床面区输沙率测量精度研究的各个方面的论述。     

明渠挟沙水流中悬移质的床面平衡浓度

本文通过泥沙颗粒运动的概率密度输运方程，推导出床面附近运动的泥沙颗粒的概率密度函数及相应的泥沙颗粒向上运动和向下运动的通量，建立了计算明渠挟沙水流悬移质床面平衡浓度的关系式。通过与试验资料及经验公式的比较对本文建立的关系式进行了检验，结果表明本文所得计算公式与实际符合较好，可用于悬沙床面平衡浓度的计算。     

A note on acoustic measurements of turbulence,suspended sediment,and bed forms in mobile-bed experiments

Mobile-bed laboratory measurements allow observation of interactions between turbulent sediment-laden flows and irregular, non-stationary bed topography. Water in mobile-bed experiments is typically clouded by suspended particles, complicating the use of optical and laser based measurement techniques. In such conditions, acoustic techniques can be used to measure turbulence, suspended sediment transport, and bed topography; however, these procedures also have unique challenges. Here, the effect of suspended particles on acoustic Doppler turbulence measurement, the effect of particle size on acoustic measurement of suspended-sediments, and a method for statistically describing bed topography (measured acoustically or otherwise) are addressed. It is found that suspended particles have a small effect on Reynolds stresses measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter and that those effects could be minimized by excluding data collected with the highest and lowest acoustic amplitudes. The effect of particle size on acoustic backscatter amplitude is most strongly pronounced for particles smaller than 0.3 mm. Semivariogram analysis is shown to be a viable method for analyzing complex bed topography produced by mobile-bed experiments.     

Application of immobilized cells to the treatment of cyanide wastewater.

Cyanide is highly toxic to living organisms, particularly in inactivating the respiration system by tightly binding to terminal oxidase. To protect the environment and water bodies, wastewater containing cyanide must be treated before discharging into the environment. Biological treatment is a cost-effective and environmentally acceptable method for cyanide removal compared with the other techniques currently in use. Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca), isolated from cyanide-containing industrial wastewater, has been shown to be able to biodegrade cyanide to non-toxic end products. The technology of immobilized cells can be applied in biological treatment to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of biodegradation. In this study, potassium cyanide (KCN) was used as the target compound and both alginate (AL) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) techniques were applied for the preparation of immobilized cells. Results from this study show that KCN can be utilized as the sole nitrogen source by K. oxytoca. The free suspension systems reveal that the cell viability was highly affected by initial KCN concentration, pH, and temperature. Results show that immobilized cell systems could tolerate a higher level of KCN concentration and wider ranges of pH and temperature, especially in the system with CTA gel beads. Results show that a longer incubation period was required for KCN degradation using immobilized cells compared to the free suspended systems. This might be due to internal mass transfer limitations. Results also indicate that immobilized systems can support a higher biomass concentration. Complete KCN degradation was observed after the operation of four consecutive degradation experiments with the same batch of immobilized cells. This suggests that the activity of the immobilized cells can be maintained and KCN can be used as the nitrogen source throughout KCN degradation experiments. Results reveal that the application of immobilized cells of K. oxytoca is advantageous to the maintenance of KCN degradation efficiency. Thus, it is conceivable that the immobilized cells of K. oxytoca would be applicable to the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewaters.     

颗粒浓度分布的探讨

针对颗粒浓度在两相流动中的重要性，建立了颗粒体积浓度方程，阐述了颗粒浓度在求解过程中的特点及颗粒体积浓度方程在计算方法中的贯穿。计算了沙层上及直管中的两相流的流动，发现了颗粒浓度两种截然不同的分布，并对此进行了分析。     

The effect of cluster morphology on the turbulent flows over an armored gravel bed surface

Flume experiments are presented in which four distinct gravel and sand sediments were armored under three different flow rates. Following bed armoring, 134 clusters were identified on nine different armored beds. Clusters were separated into two categories, line and pebble, based on their morphology. Each cluster generated a recirculation cell characterized by increased turbulence that extended from just past the cluster crest in the downstream direction. The areas and orientations of the recirculation cells, together with analyses of the turbulent flow parameters and quadrant analyses, measured the influence of representative clusters on the surrounding flow field. The two basic types of cluster morphology produced very different effects on turbulent channel flows. Pebble clusters formed large recirculation cells and increased values of kinetic energy and momentum flux were measured vertically as well as longitudinally away from the cluster. Recirculation cells generated by line clusters were generally smaller and remained closer to the bed surface, restricting the impact of line clusters to flow at or below the cluster crest. The morphology of the line cluster induced turbulent processes similar to skimming flows. The difference in cluster influence over the immediate flow hydraulics was connected to the cluster morphology and orientation of the recirculation cell generated at the cluster. Line and pebble clusters formed as part of the armored bed surface structure at all the flow rates and grain size distributions tested without showing any preference. These results have potential implications for the general understanding and modeling of flows over armored gravel beds as the pebble and line clusters require morphology specific modeling.     

非淹没圆柱群局部水流场特征分析

本文基于带自由表面水动力学数值模型,采用双方程k-ω的剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模式,对非淹没刚性圆柱群水流场进行了三维数值模拟。通过与实验数据的对比分析,验证了模型的有效性及模拟精度。通过圆柱群绕流场特征的模拟分析,探究了不同圆柱雷诺数和固体体积分数对柱群内剪切层渗入长度(δ)、柱群后尾流区剪切层长度以及床面应力空间分布特征的影响。     

INITIAL MOTION AND BEDLOAD TRANSPORT DISTANCE DETERMINED BY PARTICLE TRACKING IN A LARGE REGULATED RIVER

Reservoir releases on large regulated rivers are increasingly being used to rejuvenate riverine habitat downstream of dams. Determining the effective flow level is complicated by the trade‐off between mobilizing bed particles and retaining coarse sediment in rivers with low sediment supply. This study determined mobilization and transport distance of bed particles using motion‐sensing radio transmitting particles that approximated the reach‐average D₈₄ grain size. The distribution of shear stress at initial motion varied substantially between flood events, and suggests that the sequence of flood events and the history of under‐threshold flows may be an important determinant of bed strength and thus particle mobility. In addition, particle activity was greatest on the rising limb of each flood and was maximized at near bankfull flow. Travel distances did not vary between floods when scaled by transport event duration, and a negative exponential distribution was a good fit to the data. Results of this study provide important insight into individual particle movement, which can be used to inform flow releases and understand the effects of flood magnitude on particle mobility and transport. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国和美国的推移质泥沙采样器野外比测试验

中国和美国已研制出多种推移质采样器 ,用以在变化范围很大的水流、泥沙条件下采样。由于采样器的设计原理不同和缺乏现场比测资料 ,这些采样器采样结果的可比性不明确。本文给出了五种采样器的输沙率及其它性能的现场比测结果。这五种采样器包括美国地质调查局设计的刚性框架的赫尔—斯密斯采样器 (以下称HS -1型 )和它的加大型 (以下称HS -1a型 )、沱特尔河TR -2型采样器以及中国长江水利委员会 (长江委 )研制的Y78-1型刚性框架采样器和Y80 -2型软底网式采样器。在美国各采样点比测HS -1型采样器的输沙率为Y78-1型的 3.0倍 ,而在中国比测的仅为 1 .2倍。两国比测点上流速和推移质粒度的明显差别可能是导致这一差异的原因 ,两国在采样技术和比测方法方面的差别也稍有影响。在中国的比测 ,HS -1a型测定的输沙率平均为Y80 -2型的 4.4倍 ,TR -2型测定的输沙率平均为Y80 -2型的 2 .2倍。比测过程中取得的经验有助于增加对推移质采样器设计特性的理解 ,并强调了使用不同设计的采样器来测定沙粒或较大的砾卵石泥沙的推移质输沙率是必要的。     

风沙流中沙粒粒度的垂直和水平分布特征

鉴于现有对风沙流中沙粒粒度分布特征的研究很少,本文通过风洞实验,在粗沙和细沙两种床面上、五种风速条件下,采集中垂线垂向集沙及其后水平方向集沙的沙样,并对沙样进行沙粒粒度分析实验。实验结果发现,沙粒粒度频率曲线形态为单峰偏态分布,并与其对应的床面沙粒组成有关。沙粒粒度的平均粒径在垂直方向和水平方向上,均呈指数递减;气流风速越大,平均粒径越大;当风速增加到一定程度时,气流对沙粒平均粒径变化的影响逐渐减小;沙粒在垂直方向上的平均粒径,均大于其对应的床面沙粒平均粒径。沙粒粒度的标准偏差,随着平均粒径的增大而增加。沙粒粒度的偏度系数和平均粒径的相关关系,与其对应的床面沙粒组成有关。由实验结果讨论得出,在非均匀风沙流的沙粒起动中,细颗粒沙粒的平均起跳速度大于粗沙粒,而粗颗粒泥沙的起跳率大于细沙粒。     

鱼鳞状床面粗糙特性

为探讨颗粒排列的空间趋向对床面结构的影响,人工铺制了12组鱼鳞状床面,依托激光扫描技术获得其精确数字高程,基于统计学理论与分形理论对所铺床面的粗糙特性进行分析。结果发现：鱼鳞状床面相对高程频率分布具有负偏双峰特征,主峰近似正态且较为“高大”,次峰却极为“矮小”;卵石粒径增大,各床面高程变异函数的基台值与变程均增大;床面高程方差与变异函数基台值在量化鱼鳞状床面粗糙特性方面是基本等价的;卵石粒径越大,床面高程方差越大,变异函数基台值越大,床面越粗糙,反之亦然;鱼鳞状床面二维特征方向无标度区上限随卵石粒径的增大而单调增大,其值可近似取为0.5d₅₀(d₅₀为中值粒径),然而同一床面各二维特征方向上的无标度区上限是大致相同的;就同一二维特征方向而言,随着卵石粒径的增大,床面分形维数基本减小,床面结构复杂性减弱;鱼鳞状床面粗糙特性具有明显的方向性,尤其是在与水流方向的角度成0、π/4与π/2的3个方向上,其粗糙特性明显不同。     

细颗粒悬沙浓度分布的影响因素分析

从颗粒运动的PDF(概率密度分布函数)输运方程出发建立颗粒相的质量、动量和脉动速度二阶矩方程。对明渠二维恒定均匀流，利用垂向动量方程导出了修正的泥沙扩散方程，表明颗粒脉动强度梯度、升力、有效重力和紊动扩散都影响悬沙运动。理论和数值分析了细颗粒泥沙的密度、粒径、浓度，挟沙水流的水深和剪切流速等因素对泥沙扩散系数和浓度分布形状的影响，并定量分析了细颗粒试验资料，表明传统扩散方程在粒径、剪切流速相对较大、水深和水沙密度比较小的流动中存在较大误差，需要修正。     

Micro-PIV measurements of the flow field around cells in flow chamber

The velocity profile around cells in a flow chamber coated with the immobilized protein and the endothelial cells is studied using the micro particle image velocimetry(PIV). The main purpose is to study the effect of the endothelial cells on the local hydrodynamic environment and the local shear rates above a single polymorphonuclear neutrophil(PMN) and a melanoma cell when they adhere to different immobilized protein substrates. Micro-PIV images are taken in the top-view and the side-view under 10 X and 40 X objective lens and the ensemble correlation method is used to analyze the data. The results show that the endothelial monolayer has changed the patterns of the flow velocity profile of the side-view flow on the chamber bottom, and also increased the wall shear rates. The melanoma cells adhered on the immobilized fibrin disturb the local flow more than those adhered on the immobilized fibrinogen, but one sees no significant difference between the local shear rates above the PMNs adhered on the immobilized fibrinogen and those above the PMNs adhered on the immobilized fibrin.     

Predicting bed load transport of sand and gravel on Goodwin Creek

Bed load transport rates are difficult to predict in channels with bed material composed of sand and gravel mixtures. The transport of bed load was measured on Goodwin Creek, and in a laboratory flume channel with a similar bed material size distribution. The range of bed load transport rates measured in the laboratory channel were similar to those measured in the channel of Goodwin Creek; however, the shear stresses calculated on Goodwin Creek were three times greater than in the laboratory channel for similar bed load transport rates. Much of this difference in shear stress was removed by applying the drag partitioning technique of Einstein, although significant differences between the two sets of data remain. Predictions of bed load transport rates using three previously published transport relations were good for most flows for the laboratory data. For the Goodwin Creek bed load data, predicted transport rates were close to measured ones for low flows but diverged by an order of magnitude or more for high shear stresses. Improved methods of shear stress partitioning are needed to improve the performance of bed load transport relations on streams of this type.     

动床条件下溃坝水流的二维水沙耦合模型

现有大部分溃坝水流模型仅适用于模拟定床条件下的水流演进，但溃坝水流经常可在动床条件下演进。因此非常有必要同时模拟溃坝洪水演进时的水沙输移及床面冲淤过程。本文首先建立了动床条件下溃坝水流的二维水沙耦合模型。该模型主要由二维浑水控制方程、非均匀沙不平衡输移方程及河床冲淤方程组成，采用水沙耦合解法以及基于无结构三角网格下的有限体积法离散。同时利用Roe-MUSCL方法以及时间方向的预测-校正格式，使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。然后采用已有算例及水槽试验资料对模型进行了初步验证。最后采用该模型研究了均匀沙及非均匀沙床面对典型溃坝水流演进的影响。模拟结果表明溃坝水流在定床及动床条件下的演进过程明显不同。溃坝水流因流速大，床面变形较快，且床面冲淤速率可与水流变化速率相当，故需要采用浑水控制方程及耦合解法。     

DISPERSION OF CYLINDRICAL PARTICLES IN TURBULENT FLOWS

With consideration of the Stokes drag and virtual mass force, the equations for mean and fluctuating velocities in rotation and translation were given for rigid cylindrical particles moving in a turbulent flow. Then the rotational and translational dispersion coefficients of particle were derived.The relationships between the dispersion coefficients and flow length scale as well as particle characteristic parameters were analyzed. The resulting dispersion coefficients were proved to decrease as the particle length increases. The conclusions are helpful for the further research on the motion of cylindrical particles in turbulent flows.     

BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECTS ON SOLID PARTICLE MOTION AND EROSIVE WEAR

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Development of a hybrid particle-mesh method for simulating free-surface flows

In this work the feasibility of a numerical wave tank using a hybrid particle-mesh method is investigated.Based on the fluid implicit particle method(FLIP)a formulation for the hybrid method is presented for incompressible multiphase flows involving large density jumps and wave generating boundaries.The performance of the method is assessed for a standing wave and for the generation and propagation of a solitary wave over a flat and a sloping bed.A comparison is made with results obtained with a well-established SPH package.The tests demonstrate that the method is a promising and attractive tool for simulating the nearshore propagation of waves.     

On the modeling of viscous incompressible flows with smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) is a Lagrangian, meshfree particle method and has been widely applied to different areas in engineering and science. Since its original extension to modeling free surface flows by Monaghan in 1994, SPH has been gradually developed into an attractive approach for modeling viscous incompressible fluid flows. This paper presents an overview on the recent progresses of SPH in modeling viscous incompressible flows in four major aspects which are closely related to the computational accuracy of SPH simulations. The advantages and disadvantages of different SPH particle approximation schemes, pressure field solution approaches, solid boundary treatment algorithms and particle adapting algorithms are described and analyzed. Some new perspectives and future trends in SPH modeling of viscous incompressible flows are discussed.     

以波尔兹曼方程建立明渠水流模型的理论基础

针对传统模拟明渠水流方法所存在的问题，提出了应用ＢＧＫ模拟方法模拟明渠水流运动的可能性。根据ＢＧＫ波尔兹曼方程及明渠水流中微、宏观变量之间的基本关系，导出了明渠水流运动的控制方程。理论推导证明，圣维南方程是ＢＧＫ模型在局部平衡状态下的一个特例。通过对熵方程分析表明，ＢＧＫ波尔兹曼方程严格满足熵条件，从而阐释了ＢＧＫ模拟方法满足熵条件。利用一个恒定水跃的例子说明了熵条件的重要性，同时也表明，仅仅以质量和动量守衡律为基础的圣维南方程可能会得出不唯一的解，即不满足熵条件的解。在论证ＢＧＫ波尔兹曼方程与明渠水流守衡律的一致性的基础上，提出了建立ＧＢＫ明渠水流模型之基本思路和步骤并分析了该方法与传统模拟方法之区别。从理论上论证了利用ＢＧＫ模拟方法模拟明渠水流的可行性，为建立ＢＧＫ明渠水流模型奠定了理论基础。