鱼酱油制曲菌种筛选及制曲条件研究

以以低值鱼为氮源,麸皮为碳源,用4种霉菌进行单菌和混菌制曲。以成曲的中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、糖化酶活力、氨基念氮的含量和发酵液的感观评定为指标,筛选出制曲所选用的菌种。结果表明：经过菌种的筛选,选用As3．042：As3．350=3：1,物料配比为7：3。此时获得的中性蛋白酶活力为1971．28U／g（干基）,酸性蛋白酶活力为896．92U／g（干基）,氨基酸态氮含晕为2．98g／100g,糖化酶活jj为84．05U／g。     

酱油生产中应用米曲霉和黑曲霉混合制曲的探索

该文考察了米曲霉和黑曲霉在单独制曲及混合制曲条件下,成曲的中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、糖化酶及孢子数,探讨了酱油多菌种制曲的可行性.实验以豆粕、麸皮为原料,以AS3.042米曲霉、AS3.350黑曲霉为菌种,探讨了2种制曲方式及不同配比制曲效果的影响.结果表明,米、黑曲霉分开制曲比混合接种制曲所得成曲效果好,米、黑曲霉分别以33℃制曲42h、48h得成品曲,再以2∶1混合所得成曲可获得较佳的酶活力,曲料总蛋白酶活力2748U/g与对照值相当,而酸性蛋白酶及糖化酶活力分别达712U/g、1090U/g,较对照分别提高55.8％、25.4％.     

基于肉品调料的甜面酱米曲霉菌种制曲条件与酶活力研究

近年来,基于甜面酱基料的酱肉调料、烤肉调料、炒肉调料的产业化,对甜面酱的感官品质和发酵菌种提出了更高的要求,生产急需制备糖化酶活力更高的成曲。以从酱油园选育的菌株米曲霉A3-U8为制曲菌种,采用响应面试验设计方案,研究了制曲时间、制曲温度、制曲湿度、菌粉接种量等因素对成曲酶活的影响。结果表明,米曲霉A3-U8的最优培养条件为制曲时间47.5 h、制曲温度32.2℃、制曲湿度90.0%、菌粉接种量4.9×10⁶个/g。此条件下曲料糖化酶活为972 U/g干基,中性蛋白酶活为232 U/g干基。该种曲在实践中应用,显著缩短了甜面酱生产的水解时间,为开发浓香型高色度甜面酱提供了前期酶解成曲保障。     

广式高盐稀态酱油优良米曲霉菌株诱变选育

以广东地区高盐稀态酱油成曲中优良的米曲霉菌株为出发菌,经紫外诱变选育得到了一株种曲单孢子,中性蛋白酶活力比出发菌株提高了108%,平均种曲酶活力为9426.43U/g干基,孢子发芽率达91.58%,成曲中性蛋白酶活力为209U/g干基,碱性蛋白酶活力为159U/g干基,酸性蛋白酶活力为101U/g干基,纤维素酶活力为5.3U/g干基,黄曲霉毒素B1检出量符合国家标准规定,拥有良好遗传稳定性的米曲霉突变菌株。     

米曲霉全小麦制曲条件的优化

以全小麦为米曲霉制曲原料,蛋白酶活力为指标,研究了小麦焙炒时间、曲料初始水分含量、曲精接种量、培养时间、外加营养物对成曲蛋白酶活力的影响。结果表明,米曲霉全小麦制曲的最优条件为:焙炒小麦30min、曲料初始水分55%(w/w)、曲精接种量0.05%(w/w)、培养时间46h、葡萄糖添加量0.3%(w/w)。在此条件下,小麦成曲的中性蛋白酶活力可达1424U/g(干基,下同),与大豆成曲相当;酸性蛋白酶活力可达486U/g,较大豆成曲提高62%。     

米渣酱油多菌种制曲工艺研究

本研究以红曲霉、米曲霉、黑曲霉为菌种，以米渣、麸皮为原料，进行混合制曲，通过对制曲过程中糖化酶和酸、中性蛋白酶活力的变化分析，确定了混合菌种发酵米渣的最佳菌种配比、接种量及制曲时间，得出：米渣接入红曲霉培养4d后，最佳接种量及菌种配比为5％米曲霉＋5％黑曲霉混合菌种，制曲时间为2d。并通过四因素三水平正交设计方法确定了最佳pH、初始水分含量、原料配比、温度等制曲条件，其结果是：温度为31℃；米渣：麸皮=6：4；初始水分含量为35％及pH为5，在此条件下，糖化酶为4212U／g干曲，酸、中性蛋白酶活力分别为2130U／g干曲及2521U／g干曲。     

酱油制曲工艺条件的影响研究

以紫外诱变育种获得米曲霉A3-U12为菌种,通过单因素试验,研究浸豆时间、蒸料时间、制曲时间3个因素对成曲中蛋白酶和糖化酶的酶活力的影响。结果表明,酱油成曲制备的最佳工艺条件为:浸豆时间3h、蒸料时间20-30min、制曲时间36h以上,在此条件下成曲中的蛋白酶活力可达1304.67U/g,糖化酶活力可达867.19U/g。     

花生粕酱油制曲工艺条件优化

以花生粕、小麦麸皮为原料制备花生酱油成曲,研究花生粕与小麦麸皮质量比、米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）As3.042接种量、制曲温度和制曲时间4个因素对花生粕酱油成曲中性蛋白酶酶活的影响,并通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化制曲工艺。结果表明,对中性蛋白酶活影响程度从大到小依次为制曲温度＞接种量＞原料质量比＞制曲时间。花生酱油成曲的最佳制曲工艺条件为：花生粕与小麦麸皮质量比8∶2,米曲霉接种量0.65%,制曲温度32 ℃、制曲时间24 h。在此优化条件下,成曲中性蛋白酶活为（2 493.67±7.70） U/g,酸性蛋白酶活为（596.84±23.12） U/g、糖化酶活为（29.91±2.63） U/g、淀粉酶活为（882.85±32.63） U/g、纤维素酶活为（11.72±3.69） U/g。     

米曲霉PRB-1蛋白酶系和淀粉酶系与高盐稀态酱油理化特性关系的研究

本文采用一株自行分离的米曲霉PRB-1菌株(AP)进行制曲和高盐稀态酱油发酵。结果表明:AP成曲的酸性和中性蛋白酶活力达到398.53 U/g干基和1539.98 U/g干基,较米曲霉3.042(AO)分别提高71.79%和59.93%。AP成曲淀粉酶活力比AO略低。AP成曲含有5个中性蛋白酶组分,2个酸性蛋白酶组分和4个淀粉酶组分。其中,蛋白酶Rf6号和淀粉酶Rf3号活力最大。随着发酵时间的延长,AP和AO酱醪总酸含量呈现上升趋势。p H值由中性持续下降至偏酸性。氨基态氮含量持续增加,还原糖含量均呈现先显著上升后缓慢降低的趋势。发酵55d AP头油的氨基态氮含量为0.86 g/100 m L,原料利用率为81.97%,氨基酸生成率为61.37%,较AO均有较高的优势。AP头油的还原糖含量为4.82 g/100 m L,低于AO。成曲的中性蛋白酶活力和发酵酱油的氨基酸生成率呈正相关(p0.05),对其他指标无显著影响(p0.05)。     

以花生饼制花生酱的双菌种制曲工艺研究

以花生高温榨油产生的下脚料花生饼为原料,分别接种黑曲霉及米曲霉制备花生酱成曲。以成曲的糖化酶活力和氨基态氮含量为依据,考察了花生饼用量、制曲时间及孢子接种量对成曲制备效果的影响,并通过正交试验优化了两种霉菌制曲的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:米曲霉单独制曲的最佳条件为制曲时间44h、接种孢子数4.40×108个/g、花生饼用量比例为80%,此条件下得到的成曲糖化酶活力为905U/g,氨基态氮含量为0.434g/dL;黑曲霉单独制曲的最佳条件为制曲时间26h、接种孢子数8.03×109个/g、花生饼比例90%,此条件下得到的成曲糖化酶活力为926U/g,氨基态氮含量为0.450g/dL。研究结果为后续深入研究以高温花生饼制备花生酱奠定了基础。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the