高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用去除饮用水中嗅味

针对太湖B支流水体发臭现象严重、采用常规工艺处理很难去除嗅味物质的情况，通过试验考察了单独投加高锰酸钾、单独投加粉末活性炭以及高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用三种方法对嗅味的去除效果。静态及生产性试验结果表明：高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用工艺的除嗅效果最好，当高锰酸钾投加量为0．5mg／L、粉末活性炭投加量为40mg／L时，沉后水的嗅阈值仅为5，去除率达到了98．8％，并且可节省粉末活性炭投量约20％。此外，高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用对藻类也有较好的去除效果。     

HS-SPME-GC法测定水中典型嗅味物质

研究了气相色谱仪（GC）测定水中典型噢味物质（土臭素、2-甲基异茨醇、2-甲氧基-3-异丙基吡啶、2-甲氧基-3-并丁基吡嗪和2，4，6-三氯苯甲醚）的改进方法。采用新型顶空-固相微萃取（head-space solid-phase microextraction，HS—SPME）方法对水样进行前期富集处理，然后利用气相色谱氢离子火焰检测器（FID）进行测定。在优化试验条件下对嗅味物质的测定结果显示，5种嗅味物质的峰面积与其浓度有较好的相关性，其相关系数〉0．87；该方法对5种嗅味物质的检出限值较低，其中对土臭素的检出限为0．4ng/L。改进后的测定方法适用于气相色谱仪，操作简单省时，对于推广嗅味物质的检测具有重要的实际意义。     

投加粉末活性炭去除原水中的嗅味

研究了水质突变时投加粉末活性炭(PAC)对嗅味的去除效果。试验结果表明：当原水嗅阈值为90时，40mg／L的粉末活性炭投量可保证出水无异味；将PAC投加在絮凝中段时的除嗅率比投加在混凝前平均高4％；将粉末炭水混合液以小孔射流的方式投加到水中可减少活性炭颗粒之间的相互黏结，有利于提高其表面积的利用率。     

饮用水嗅味物质检测与控制技术研究进展

介绍了我国饮用水中的主要嗅味问题及其来源,总结了致嗅物质的组成与分类,并重点探讨了饮用水中嗅味物质的检测与控制技术。水中嗅味物质的检测方法主要包括感官分析、仪器分析及综合分析。其中,嗅味层次分析法是最常用的感官分析法;仪器分析中更加注重对水样的预处理技术,固相萃取是一种有效的水样预处理技术。典型致嗅物质的去除工艺主要包括活性炭吸附法、化学氧化法、生物处理法及联合法。通过介绍分析近10年的研究发现,我国需要尽快开展饮用水中致嗅物质的标准化检测方法及典型致嗅物质控制技术的研究,以形成应对不同水源、不同季节、不同致嗅物质的饮用水处理工艺,以保障饮用水安全。     

高锰酸钾-粉末活性炭联用去除原水中的嗅味

针对常规处理工艺难以解决东江原水发臭的问题,考察了高锰酸钾-粉末活性炭联用技术对水中嗅味的去除效果。结果表明,高锰酸钾一粉末活性炭联用对水中嗅味具有较好的去除效果,当氧化吸附时间为30min,高锰酸钾投加量为1．5mg/L,粉末活性炭投加量为40mg／L时,经混凝沉淀后水中的嗅味可由5级降至0级。此外,高锰酸钾和粉末活性炭联用对水中的有机物、浊度及锰也有明显的去除效果。     

吹扫捕集气质联用测定水中嗅味物质的研究

文章建立了一种用吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱联用技术测定饮用水中土臭素（GSM）和二甲基异冰片（2-MIB）等嗅味物质的分析方法，确定了最佳的色谱条件、质谱条件和水样处理方法。当取样量为25 mL时，回收率分别为96％和89％，RSD＜10％，检出限为0.002 mg/L。     

用粉末活性炭去除饮用水中嗅味

进行了粉末活性炭（PAC）去除饮用水中嗅味的试验。结果表明，当原水嗅阈值为90、PAC投量为40mg/L时，出水无异嗅、异味。中氯后PAC对嗅味的去除率明显低于不加氯时的去除率。     

去除D江异嗅的饮用水处理工艺选择研究

为去除C市D江饮用水中的异嗅,研究了强化混凝/KMnO4预氧化、强化混凝/粉末活性炭吸附和臭氧/活性炭工艺对水中异嗅和CODMn的去除特性.结果表明,臭氧氧化是去除异嗅的关键工艺.强化混凝/高锰酸钾预氧化及强化混凝/活性炭吸附工艺对异嗅和CODMn均有一定的去除作用,需要根据水中致嗅物质的组成和有机物特性进行选择.但当硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质与土嗅素和2-MIB并存时,强化混凝组合工艺无法完全去除水中的嗅味.当进水嗅阈值<35、CODMn<8 mg/L时,臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺可以完全去除D江水中的嗅味,并且对CODMn也有很好的去除效果,但在水质再恶化时需联合使用强化预处理等工艺方能达标.     

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS测定16种硫醚类嗅味物质

针对可导致饮用水中腥臭味/沼泽味/腐败味的硫醚类物质,基于顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱联用,建立了可同时快速分析水中16种硫醚类嗅味物质的方法。对萃取纤维类型、盐浓度、萃取温度、萃取和解吸时间等条件进行了优化,确定的最佳顶空固相微萃取条件为：水样加入20%NaCl,采用DVB/PDMS/Carbon WR萃取纤维于45℃条件下萃取30 min,在250℃条件下解吸180 s。16种硫醚的标准曲线具有较好的线性（R2>0.99）,检出限为0.2～2.9 ng/L,超纯水和原水加标回收率分别为80.4%～105.4%和78.3%～108.2%,相对标准偏差分别为0.7%～13.4%和1.6%～14.1%,可满足饮用水及水源中硫醚类嗅味物质的快速检测。采用该方法对三个水厂的原水进行了分析,有二甲基二硫醚（4.2～45.3 ng/L）、二甲基三硫醚（1.9～6.1 ng/L）和二乙基二硫醚（N.D.～1.5 ng/L）检出,值得关注。     

饮用水除嗅味技术的研究进展

介绍了饮用水中致嗅味物质的种类及来源,概括了国内外对饮用水中嗅味控制技术的研究进展,总结了氧化预处理、吸附预处理、生物处理等技术法对饮用水嗅味的去除效果,对今后自来水厂生产饮用水的工艺改进具有指导意义。     

Developing hexanal as an odor reference standard for sensory analysis of drinking water

There are many analytical and sensory methods to analyze drinking water for flavor and off-flavors before it reaches consumers. Flavor profile analysis (FPA) is one of the most comprehensive methods. A well-trained panel is essential for FPA and although taste standards are well established, FPA training lacks an odor reference standard. In search of an odor reference standard, four different panel groups were trained and tested for n-hexanal at various concentrations (1-1000 microg/L) over 14 months. The Weber-Fechner plots for n-hexanal showed a linear and overlapping relationship for all panels. Analytical measurements demonstrated that the headspace concentration of n-hexanal was constant after 5 sniffs at 45 degrees C and it remained constant during FPA sessions for up to 4 h. The panelists liked the grassy odor of n-hexanal, which did not result in fatigue, and testing demonstrated that approximately 95% of the population can detect n-hexanal's odor. n-Hexanal is proposed as an odor reference standard for FPA training to define odor intensities because it is chemically stable, follows Weber-Fechner law, mimics grassy odors found in drinking water, and was acceptable to the human panelists.     

Correlation of musty odor and 2-MIB in two drinking water treatment plants in South Taiwan

Possible odor groups and intensity, and seasonal effects were elucidated in two representative water treatment plants (WTPs), Feng-Shen and Gun-Shi, in southern Taiwan. The flavor profile analysis (FPA) was employed to determine the odor groups for the source water, while a chemical analysis, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with a gas chromatograph and mass spectrometric detector (GC/MSD), was used to concentrate and subsequently analyze the corresponding water samples. FPA results show that fishy and musty odors were the two major odor groups in the source water. Results of chemical analysis showed that 2-methyl-isoborneol (2-MIB) was present in the source water. The correlation between 2-MIB concentration and the FPA intensity of musty odor was compared with the dose-response curve generated in the laboratory by the FPA panelists. The experimental data from the two water treatment plants follow the calibration curve closely, indicating that the musty odor of the two source waters were most likely contributed from 2-MIB. In addition, there is good correlation between logarithmic 2-MIB concentration and water temperature, substantiating the importance of seasonal effect. Although approximately 40-50% of 2-MIB removal was found in the treatment trains for the two WTPs, only an approximately 0.3 FPA intensity scale of reduction was expected.     

水中嗅味评价与致嗅物质检测技术研究进展

随着我国新的<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB 5749-2006)的颁布实施和2007年5月太湖水危机事件的暴发,水中溴味问题成为人们关注的热点.通常情况下,水中致溴物质的溴阈值浓度(OTC)极低并且致溴物质组成非常复杂,因而对水中致溴物质的定量分析比较困难.从感官分析法、仪器分析法和综合分析法三个主要方面介绍了国内外对水中溴味评价及致溴物质检测技术的研究进展.详细介绍了各自的测试方法和机理,并分析了其适用的范围和优、缺点,指出了今后的研究方向.     

黄河水异味和藻类控制的生产性试验研究

针对黄河水藻类高发的现象,对水源地和沉砂池进行了取样分析,确定藻类为异味产生的根源.预处理试验结果表明,在投加20 mg/L聚合铁和10 mg/L硅酸钠的同时,投加0.4-1.0 mg/L聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(FL45C)对藻类和浊度的去除以及臭和味的控制效果较好.     

嗅辨员筛选及分组优化在建材产品气味浓度评价中的应用

为了使气味浓度结果反映气味污染的真实情况,合理筛选气味评价员及组建气味评价小组有重要意义。国内外相关标准中对于气味评价员筛选均有相应要求。本文分别依据标准嗅液法、正丁醇-动态稀释嗅觉仪法对气味评价员进行筛选,结果表明,正丁醇-动态稀释嗅觉仪法的筛选更严格。利用两种方法筛选的气味评价员组成不同的气味评价小组评价相同建材产品的气味浓度,数据表明,通过正丁醇-动态稀释嗅觉仪法筛选的气味评价小组气味浓度评价结果的精密度和重复性更好。通过正丁醇-动态稀释嗅觉仪法筛选的气味评价员依据正丁醇个人阈值进一步细分为I类、II类、III类气味评价员,分析显示,优化气味评价小组的人员组成能更真实地反映实际情况,同时便于同级气味评价员的替换。     

Development and identification of an integrated waterworks model for trihalomethanes simulation

To evaluate the impact that new trihalomethanes (THMs) regulations will have on the performance of conventional waterworks in China, we developed an integrated waterworks model to simulate the dynamic behavior of THMs and other associated components, e.g. organic matter, ammonia, and residual chlorine, throughout the conventional water treatment process, which included pre-chlorination, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and post-chlorination. A comprehensive kinetic scheme that takes into account both the physical and biological mechanisms involved in the water treatment processes and the chemical reactions that result from chlorination was proposed for model conceptualization. In addition, the Petersen matrix was designed to present the model and formulate the mass balance equations for the model variables. The model was then identified using the Hornberger-Spear-Young (HSY) algorithm and tested against field data from the Qingzhou Waterworks in Macao, China. Despite gross uncertainty associated with the field data, the model could generally provide good predictions of the simulated variables and meet the management purposes. Furthermore, the identified model parameters agreed well with values that were reported in the literature and could be reasonably interpreted.     

The flow rate of test odor spouting into the mask in the dynamic odor test

The adoption of the sensory odor test will prevail widely in many local self governments in Japan in order to evaluate and regulate the complex odor in fields. This is also done by the tri‐angle choice bag test. However, this procedure has several problems in the reliability and reproducibility of the results obtained. It is desired to solve these problems by the mechanization of the method. From this point of view, an experimental study on the flow rate of test odor has been carried out and the results obtained are described in this paper. It is confirmed that the optimum flow rate of test odor is about 41/min at the inlet of the mask in the dynamic sniffing method.