铁电薄膜电滞回线测量研究

在总结铁电材料测量理论基础上，运用相量的概念从理论上导出了铁电薄膜的线性感应电容和漏导对测量电滞回线所产生的影响。根据铁电薄膜的特性与实测结果分析了电极和测试信号的频率对测量的影响，提出了在测试过程中对铁电薄膜制备微电极和适当提高测试信号频率的优越性。     

电滞回线在压电材料研究中的应用

综述了国外电滞回线在压电材料、铁电材料性能研究以及改性过程中的应用现状。从电滞回线的测试结果中可以得到材料的饱和极化强度（Ps）、剩余极化强度（Pr）以及矫顽电场强度（Ec）等宏观性能参数以及介电常数与电场强度之间的非线性关系等，利用这些结果可对压电材料进行多方面性能研究。     

铁电薄膜与底电极之间界面的异质结效应

铁电薄膜与底电极之间由于高温扩散而形成了界面层，且观察到其对薄膜电性能的影响类似于硅衬底上铁电薄膜的异质结效应。基于能带理论的考虑，建立物理模型来解释其影响。该界面异质结模型不仅可以解释铁电薄膜的界面分层、电滞回线不对称等现象，而且还成功地解释了电滞回线中心在极化轴上的偏移和疲劳循环过程中的偏移增加，并探讨了这种偏移对铁电薄膜疲劳特性的影响。     

铁电薄膜与底电极之间界面的异质结效应

铁电薄膜与底电极之间由于高温扩散而形成了界面层，且观察到其对薄膜电性能的影响类似于硅衬底上铁电薄膜的异质结效应。基于能带理论的考虑，建立物理模型来解释其影响。该界面异质结膜型不仅可以解释铁电薄膜的界面分层、电滞回线不对称等现象，而且还成功地解释了电滞回线中心在极化轴上的偏移和疲劳循环过程中的偏移增加，并探讨了这种偏移对铁电薄膜疲劳特性的影响。     

铁电负电容晶体管的研究进展

铁电负电容晶体管的亚阈值斜率可低于60 mV/dec的理论极限,是未来突破晶体管工作电压VDD和器件尺寸进一步减小瓶颈的关键。自2008年低功耗负电容晶体管的概念被提出以来,该晶体管因简单的器件结构和优异的电路性能而一直受到业界学者的广泛关注。然而,这种基于具有负电容特性铁电材料的晶体管的缺点也日渐凸显,特别是负电容的不稳定性对该晶体管的应用造成严重阻碍。相比传统晶体管,负电容晶体管应用于低功耗电路具有两大优势:(1)亚阈值斜率可低于60 mV/dec,降低电路工作电压的同时开关电流比不会下降,静态泄露电流不增加;(2)器件尺寸更小,减小电路面积。然而,负电容晶体管由于铁电材料的滞回特性,在开关电路中具有严重的滞回现象,导致电路逻辑紊乱,无法正常工作。不仅如此,负电容成因的复杂性也使其建模非常困难。因此,近十年来除研究铁电材料种类和参数对器件性能的影响外,研究者们还整理出了决定滞回现象的关键因素,并提出了有效抑制滞回现象的方法。目前,通过调整铁电负电容和晶体管电容的比例,滞回窗口已经可以减小到近乎为零。而与实验图形较吻合的负电容数学模型直到2017年才出现,但模型中的数据还没有科学的测定方法,目前还处于发展完善阶段,仍需要大量的研究和探索。负电容晶体管制备过程简单,工艺和标准CMOS工艺兼容,基底MOSFET制作完成后,将具有负电容特性的铁电材料沉积在栅上形成叠栅。负电容晶体管制作的难点在于稳固铁电和氧化物界面、减少缺陷空位。目前,国内外已出现流片成功的负电容晶体管,成品测试的最小亚阈值斜率可达16 mV/dec,但滞回现象出现的概率非常大,并且在提高器件的疲劳性和稳定可靠性方面还需要投入更多的研究。使用频率较高的负电容材料有PbZrTiO3(PZT)、SrBi2Ta2O9(SBT)、P(VDF-TrFE)、铪基氧化物等,其中铪基氧化物因环保、体积小、性能优异被认为是可投入实际生产的铁电负电容材料。本文探讨了铁电负电容晶体管的工作原理,分析了负电容特性的物理机理和实验测试方法,给出国际上各研究机构在负电容晶体管(NCFET)方面的研究进展情况,最后分析了未来NCFET在器件结构、材料及可靠性方面的发展问题。     

手性化合物S811的强热释效应及反铁电特性

用热释电流谱、介电温谱、电滞回线谱、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热台偏光显微镜(PLM)对手性化合物S811的电学性能及相变行为进行了研究.热释电流谱、介电温谱显示S811在相变附近具有强热释电电流,其最大热释电系数达到384nC/(cm2·K),介电常数在相变过程也发生了突变.电滞回线谱显示,在冷却过程依次出现了反铁电体-铁电体转变的双电滞回线和单电滞回线,揭示了S811作为热释电探测材料的应用潜力,拓展了其应用范围.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Bi0.975La0.025Fe0.975Ni0.025O3铁电薄膜的结构及物理性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法在Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si(111)衬底上制备了Bi_(0.975)La_(0.025)Fe_(0.975)Ni_(0.025)O_3(BLFNO)铁电薄膜。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)及其压电模式(PFM)对薄膜的晶体结构、表面形貌以及铁电畴结构进行了研究。研究发现,BLFNO为结晶良好的钙钛矿结构多晶薄膜,且薄膜表面颗粒生长均匀。PFM测试图显示铁电薄膜在自发极化下的铁电畴结构清晰,铁电电容器具有良好的铁电性能。应用铁电测试仪对Pt/BLFNO/Pt电容器进行测量,得到了饱和性良好的电滞回线。在828kV/cm的外加电场下,Pt/BLFNO/Pt电容器的剩余极化强度为74.3μC/cm~2,表明La、Ni的共掺杂没有明显抑制铁电电容器的剩余极化强度,铁电电容器具有良好的铁电性能。漏电流研究结果表明,La、Ni元素的共掺杂有效降低了薄膜的漏电流密度,在277.8kV/cm外加电场下漏电流密度在10-4 A/cm2量级,明显小于纯BFO薄膜的漏电流密度。正半支漏电流曲线满足SCLC导电机制,对于负半支曲线,当电场强度大于22.2kV/cm时,同样遵循SCLC导电机制;但是,当电场强度小于22.2kV/cm时,曲线斜率约为4.8,表明参与导电贡献的电子数较多,归因于极浅陷阱俘获的电子在外加电场作用下参与了导电行为。室温下磁滞回线测试结果表明BLFNO薄膜具有反铁磁性质。     

P(VDF-TrFE)铁电膜微观铁电压电特性研究

借助原子力显微镜优异的空间分辨能力和微观压电铁电测定技术,研究了不同结晶P(VDF-TrFE)铁电膜的微观铁电压电特性.研究表明,非晶态微观蝴蝶洄线的铁电开关过程平缓,矫顽场分布较广且场值较高;与之相比高结晶度薄膜微观蝴蝶洄线呈现陡峭而迅速的铁电开关现象,矫顽场单值且较低.微观压电性的实验表明非晶态压电系数约为-0.15(A)/V,低于晶态的压电系数-0.30(A)/V.     

Pt／PZT／Pt电容的γ射线辐照积累剂量效应

研究了辐照积累剂量对ＰＺＴ铁电电容的电滞回线和Ｃ－Ｖ特性的影响，结果表明，在积累剂量辐照过程中，由于辐照感生缺陷的影响，剩余极化和矫顽场增加。介电常数下降。根据实验结果和铁电材料的有关辐照理论，提出了剩余极化随积累剂量变化的缺陷相关模型。     

Si(111)衬底上六方YMnO3薄膜的制备与铁电性质

采用化学溶液法在Si(111)衬底上制备了YMnO3薄膜.XRD结果表明,所制备的薄膜为六方纯相YMnO3,且具有部分择优取向生长.以Pt为顶电极,测试了YMnO3薄膜的电滞回线,结果表明,所制备的YMnO3薄膜具有良好的铁电性质.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。