机械球磨制备纳米双相Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe永磁材料及晶化行为研究

机械球磨氲气保护下的铸态Nd8Fe86B6合金,并进行晶化处理,制备了纳米双相Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe永磁材料.用XRD、TEM和DSC等手段研究了不同球磨工艺和晶化处理工艺对纳米双相Nd8Fe86B6材料组织结构影响.同时研究了非晶态Nd8Fe86B6材料的晶化行为.结果表明延长球磨时间,Nd2Fe14B相迅速细化形成非晶,α-Fe的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,25h后趋于定值(约为7nm).球磨时间越长,所需完全晶化的温度越高,晶化后粉末的晶粒越小且越均匀.在晶化过程中,非晶态Nd8Fe86B6首先形成Nd4 4Fe77.8B17.8、Nd1.1Fe4B4、Nd2Fe14B和α-Fe四相混合物.升高温度,最后得到Nd2Fe14B相和α-Fe相,但最终产物中仍有少量未分解的Nd1.1Fe4B4相.     

Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe纳米复相永磁合金微结构的形成

研究了使用不同快淬速度制备的Nd3 6Pr5 4Fe83Co3B5合金中Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe复合纳米晶结构的形成.采用X射线(XRD)、透射显微(TEM)分析技术和振动样品磁强计(VSM)观测和测量了材料的微结构和磁性.结果表明,使用最佳淬速(20m/s)形成的Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe复合纳米晶结构晶粒细小,晶粒尺寸均匀Nd2Fe14B相和α-Fe相的平均晶粒尺寸分别为14nm、16nm.合金中α-Fe相的体积分数为48.6%.纳米晶合金的磁性能为Jr=1.108T,Hc=446.5kA/m,(BH)max=193.6kJ/m3,剩磁比Jr/Js=0.736.     

α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B复合纳米晶合金的X射线定量相分析

采用联立方程组确立了α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B复合纳米晶合金中相含量的计算方法.该方法运用最小二乘回归法和抛弃平均法消除病态方程组.将其应用于α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B复合纳米晶合金的相含量计算,所得结果与直接对比法一致.     

纳米晶双相Nd3.6Pr5.4Fe83-xGaxCo3B5合金磁性能的研究

用熔体快淬法制备Nd3.6Pr5.4Fe83-xGaxCo3B5(%(原子分数),x=0～1.0)纳米晶双相永磁材料,研究其磁性能的变化.结果表明适量的添加Ga(x=0.25)可以细化晶粒,使快淬薄带中的Nd2Fe14B硬磁相和α-Fe软磁相发生较充分的交换耦合作用,获得较优异的磁性能,Ga含量过多或过少的快淬薄带的磁滞回线出现缩颈现象,低温退火使得该现象得以改善.     

磷对钕铁硼纳米复合永磁材料晶粒取向和尺寸的影响

采用熔体快淬工艺制备了成分为Nd9.5Fe84B6.5-xPx(x=0、0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4)的快淬磁带,快淬带由硬磁相Nd2Fe14B和软磁相α-Fe组成。结果表明,P含量对合金Nd2Fe14B相晶粒取向和尺寸有显著影响。当P含量较低时,快淬带两个表面中Nd2Fe14B相晶粒存在以c轴择优取向的(00l)织构,且自由面的织构强度大于贴辊面;随着P含量的增加,织构强度下降。晶粒尺寸对P含量比较敏感,添加0.1%(原子分数)P时,有细化晶粒的作用,此时两个面中Nd2Fe14B相晶粒均较小;随着P含量的增加,晶粒开始粗化。此外,自由面中Nd2Fe14B相晶粒尺寸均大于贴辊面的,且这种差异随P含量的增加而增大。     

Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe纳米晶复合永磁材料的中子衍射结构分析及磁性研究

用真空快淬法制备Nd12Fe84B6非晶态薄带,经700℃真空退火处理,获得Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe双相纳米晶复合永磁材料.用中子衍射的方法对两种不同退火时间的样品进行室温相结构分析,并根据尺寸效应引起的衍射线展宽得到了晶粒的平均尺寸.研究结果表明:对退火时间为20min和90min的样品, Nd2Fe14B硬磁性相的平均晶粒大小分别为52.1nm和55.3nm,α-Fe软磁性相的平均晶粒大小分别为61.5nm和66.2nm;软、硬磁性相的晶粒大小几乎没有变化.随着退火时间的增加,Nd2Fe14B硬磁性相的体积分数增加,而α-Fe软磁性相的体积分数则减少.磁性测量及剩磁分析表明:90min的样品磁性能优于20min的样品,90min样品软、硬磁性相晶粒之间的交换耦合作用＞20min的样品.     

Nd2Fe14B/(α-Fe,Fe3B)复合纳米晶的生长动力学研究

采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)研究了Fe-Co-Nd-Dy-B非晶合金晶化过程中α-Fe、Fe3B纳米晶的生长动力学.根据纳米晶生长达到稳定状态所需的时间常数tE与退火温度Ta的关系,计算了α-Fe和Fe3B纳米晶的生长激活能为Egα-Fe=95±2 kJ/mol和E Fe3B=133±13 kJ/mol.该值远小于α-Fe和Fe3B两相的表观晶化激活能Ecα-Fe=555 kJ/mol和EcFe3B=481 kJ/mol.这表明Fe-Co-Nd-Dy-B非晶合金晶化过程中α-Fe和Fe3B纳米晶的形成主要由成核所控制.     

Nd3Fe14B／α—Fe纳米晶复合永磁材料的中子衍射结构分析及磁性研究

用真空快淬法制备Nd12Fe84B6非晶态薄带,经700℃真空退火处理,获得Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe双相纳米晶复合永磁材料.用中子衍射的方法对两种不同退火时间的样品进行室温相结构分析,并根据尺寸效应引起的衍射线展宽得到了晶粒的平均尺寸.研究结果表明:对退火时间为20min和90min的样品, Nd2Fe14B硬磁性相的平均晶粒大小分别为52.1nm和55.3nm,α-Fe软磁性相的平均晶粒大小分别为61.5nm和66.2nm;软、硬磁性相的晶粒大小几乎没有变化.随着退火时间的增加,Nd2Fe14B硬磁性相的体积分数增加,而α-Fe软磁性相的体积分数则减少.磁性测量及剩磁分析表明:90min的样品磁性能优于20min的样品,90min样品软、硬磁性相晶粒之间的交换耦合作用＞20min的样品.     

Nd-Fe-B鳞片铸锭的显微组织与厚度及合金成分的关系

用近快冷凝固技术制备Nd28.6Dy0.5Pr0.5Fe69.2Nb0.2B1.0(简称A合金)、Nd29.0Pr0.5Fe69.1 Ga0.2Nb0.2B1.0(简称B合金)和Nd28.4Dy0.5Fe69.03Co0.86Zr0.288Nb0.28Al0.125B1.05(简称C合金)鳞片铸锭.鳞片铸锭的显微组织与其厚度有密切关系厚度为0.20～0.30mm的鳞片铸锭,Nd2Fe14B主相片状晶厚度为3.0～4.0μm,富Nd相薄层均匀分布在片状晶之间,没有α-Fe枝晶的析出;厚度超过0.40mm的A、B鳞片铸锭,容易析出α-Fe枝晶,片状晶厚度增大.鳞片铸锭的显微组织与合金成分也存在密切关系厚度超过0.40mm的鳞片铸锭,A、B合金中存在较多的α-Fe析出;而在较低稀土含量、同时添加Co、Nb和Zr的C合金中,却未观察到α-Fe析出.X射线衍射分析还表明,鳞片铸锭中Nd2Fe14B相沿＜001＞择优生长.     

纳米晶复相Nd-Fe-B合金粉末的制备及组织结构研究

研究了在氢气氛下机械球磨铸态Nd8Fe86B6合金,利用机械力驱动Nd-Fe-B合金发生歧化反应,并随后在一定温度及真空度下进行脱氢-再结合处理,制备纳米晶Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe复相材料.利用X射线衍射检测(XRD)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)及磁力显微镜(MFM)等测试方法,对球磨和脱氢过程中合金粉末相变及微观组织进行分析观察.实验结果表明,Nd8Fe86B6合金中基体Nd2Fe14B相发生了吸氢并歧化反应,球磨20h后,Nd2Fe14B相峰基本消失,获得了晶粒大小为10nm左右的Nd2H5、FeB和α-Fe歧化组织.在700℃下进行30min真空脱氢处理,获得了平均晶粒尺寸约为37nm左右的Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe复相组织.通过对材料磁畴结构的观察,发现获得粉末中两相晶粒之间具有明显交换耦合作用.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。