秦兵马俑博物馆陶器库房冬季室内空气质量初步研究

于2008年1月30日～3月3日,在秦始皇兵马俑博物馆陶器库开展了室内大气环境调查,同步采集了大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和NH3样品,获得了PM2.5颗粒中的离子组成,并实时监测了SO2、NOx的浓度变化。结果表明,陶器库中PM2.5平均质量浓度为76.1μg/m3,室外PM2.5平均质量浓度为153.9μg/m3,约为室内浓度的2倍。室内PM2.5中水溶性离子主要由SO42-、NO3-和NH4+组成,平均质量浓度分别为17.5、5.2、5.5μg/m3,它们分别占PM2.5质量浓度的19.7%、5.2%、5.8%。库内NH3平均浓度为4.8μg/m3,室外NH3平均浓度6.6μg/m3,约为室内的1.4倍。室内NO、NO2、NOx浓度日平均分别为4.8×10-9、3.2×10-9、8.0×10-9,SO2浓度日平均为0.9×10-9。研究表明,库内人为活动量对质量浓度、离子浓度和污染气体均有一定影响,库房相对于室外对阻挡颗粒物减少外界影响方面对文物有一定的保护作用,但在阻隔空气污染物和恒温恒湿方面的作用还有待加强。     

沙尘期间大气颗粒PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)化学组分的浓度变化及来源研究

于2006年3月—4月北京沙尘发生期间,监测了沙尘与非沙尘期间悬浮颗粒PM10和PM2.5质量浓度,分析了样品中无机水溶性离子和金属元素。结果显示:沙尘天气导致PM10和PM2.5质量浓度上升,粗颗粒物质量浓度明显上升,细颗粒物受到的影响相对较小。SO42-、NO3-和NH4+为PM10与PM2.5主要水溶性离子。沙尘与非沙尘期间SO42-、NO3-和NH4+浓度变化表现出不稳定性,可能与沙尘的强度和持续时间、来源有关,沙尘下来自于土壤源Ca2+和Mg2+浓度都显然提高。沙尘期间Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Rb和Cs金属元素浓度高于非沙尘期间浓度,并且富集因子系数都小于10,说明主要来自于自然源,而Zn、Se、Cd、Pb和Bi这5种元素浓度随沙尘的侵入并没增加其含量,反而使浓度有所下降,富集因子和富集程度对比表明这些元素主要来自于当地污染源。     

武汉秋季灰霾和非灰霾天气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的特征

分析了武汉地区武大和天虹2个采样点秋季灰霾和非灰霾天气细颗粒物PM2.5中的9种水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)浓度。结果表明,NO3-、SO42-和NH4+是武汉秋季PM2.5中最重要的3种水溶性离子,且PM2.5中各水溶性离子之间组成比例相对稳定;灰霾期PM2.5中水溶性离子比例的增大是武汉秋季灰霾污染的重要特征,它们可能来源于生物质燃烧、土壤扬尘、化石燃料燃烧、汽车尾气排放等过程,其中天虹站点的大气二次污染比武大站点的严重,固定源对武汉2个站点秋季灰霾期大气中NOx与SO2相对贡献均比非灰霾期的大,移动源对天虹站点秋季大气中NOx与SO2的相对贡献则比武大站点的大。     

西安市春季大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的特征

2010年4月在西安市区4个点使用低流量采样器同步连续采集2周(24 h/d)细颗粒物PM2.5和可吸入颗粒物PM10样品,分别利用热光碳分析仪、离子色谱和X射线荧光光谱仪分析其含碳组分(有机碳和元素碳)、水溶性无机离子(NH4+、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-)和元素Ca、Fe等浓度。结果表明,沙尘暴期间,PM10的质量浓度是PM2.5的3倍,PM2.5和PM10中有机碳浓度大于正常天气的,SO42--NO3--NH4+浓度急剧减小,明显小于正常天气,这与干燥沙尘暴的稀释作用有关;后向轨迹、气溶胶指数和Ca与Fe元素质量浓度比验证了沙尘暴颗粒来源西部戈壁沙尘和黄土高原;阴阳离子平衡计算显示沙尘事件颗粒物呈碱性,阴阳离子差异估算的CO32-含量与Ca2+具有强相关性,表明沙尘暴颗粒以CaCO3为主。     

秸秆燃烧排放颗粒物的水溶性组分分析及其排放因子

从全国各地具有代表性的地点收集秸秆,模拟农村使用秸秆燃料时的状态采集排放颗粒物样品,对其中的主要水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、NO2-、NH4+、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)进行离子色谱分析,并计算了秸秆燃烧排放颗粒物中水溶性组分的排放因子。结果表明,K+和Cl-排放因子最高,平均分别占各类秸秆样品水溶性离子总排放因子的33.1%和43.6%,各类秸秆样品K+和Cl-的平均排放因子分别为0.475 g/kg和0.625 g/kg。各类秸秆样品排放因子的平均结果对比表明,麦秸秆的排放因子最高,而玉米秸秆最低,稻谷秸秆的排放因子接近各类秸秆样品的平均结果;麦秸秆、稻谷秸秆和玉米秸秆的Cl-排放因子大于各自的K+排放因子;而棉花秸秆K+和Cl-的排放因子接近。     

杭州市大气悬浮颗粒PM_(2.5)污染状况及化学组成特征分析

为了解杭州市大气悬浮颗粒物PM2.5污染状况及化学组成特征,2006年在杭州市内布设2个监测点位,按季节进行采样,并对悬浮颗粒物PM2.5中20种元素进行定量研究。结果表明:杭州市区大气中悬浮颗粒物PM2.5的年均质量浓度值为77.5μg/m3,其中S、Si、Ca、K等元素年平均质量浓度大于1.0μg/m3。元素Si、Al、Fe、Mg、V、K、Na、Ti、Mn、Ca、P、Cr、Ni主要来源于地壳,而元素Cl、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Br、S、Se等主要来源于人为排放源。     

陕西省榆林市冬季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的污染特征

为了探讨陕西省榆林市冬季大气颗粒物的污染特征,2013年11月对榆林市3个采样点进行可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)同步观测,利用离子色谱法和热光分析法测定PM10和PM2.5中无机水溶性离子和碳组分的浓度。结果表明:3个采样点PM10和PM2.5日均质量浓度分别为162、74μg/m3,颗粒物浓度由大到小的采样点为环保旧站、实验中学和环保大厦;PM10中有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度空间分布与颗粒物的相同;PM2.5中有碳组分在环保旧站和实验中学的浓度接近,都大于环保大厦的;无机离子中SO42-和Ca2+浓度最大;PM10与PM2.5整体偏碱性,亏损的阴离子主要是CO32-;扬尘在PM10中的比例远远大于其他组分;PM2.5中碳组分含量较大,其次是土壤尘、硫酸盐、氯化物和硝酸盐等;治理PM10和PM2.5污染应以加强扬尘控制和减少燃煤污染物排放为主。     

秋收季节稻草燃烧粒子大气脱水醣类成分与粒径分布研究

以台湾中南部水稻作物区域为目标,探讨秋收稻草燃烧烟尘大气脱水醣类粒径分布成分特征;以改良离子层析仪解析3种大气悬浮粒子(PM2.5、PM10、总悬浮颗粒(TSP))大气脱水醣类成分浓度(左旋葡萄糖、甘露聚糖)与粒径分布,并探讨稻草燃烧对大气粒子的贡献率。结果显示,稻草燃烧期间大气(乡村/市郊)两种粒子(PM2.5与TSP)左旋葡萄糖浓度均大幅上升,两种粒子收成燃烧期间较非收成季节升高约5.5倍(较收成季节背景PM2.5与总悬浮颗粒分别高1.21倍与1.40倍)严重影响区域空气质量。市郊含左旋葡萄糖粒子分布以PM2.5细微粒为主(占TSP81%以上);乡村左旋葡萄糖粒径分布较广,PM2.5粒子占TSP56%左右,粗大粒子(PM>10)占总悬浮颗粒的35%。此外,结果显示稻草生物质燃烧对区域PM2.5粒子平均贡献率为12%,市郊稍高于乡村(乡村、市郊平均贡献率分别为10.5%、13.0%),显现稻草生物质燃烧对台湾中南部空气质量有严重影响。     

杭州主城区悬浮细颗粒PM_(2.5)浓度变化及其组分分析

利用杭州市区2006—2008年大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和PM2.5-10的监测资料,研究它们的物化特征。结果表明:杭州主城区PM2.5和PM2.5-103年的平均浓度分别为0.073、0.037mg·m-3,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM2.5-10)的比值为1.86。PM2.5浓度存在双峰型日变化,以9:00和18:00为峰值,日变化幅度较大,并呈现冬高、夏低的季节变化。PM2.5化学组分分析表明:PM2.5中含量最多的是有机碳,占24.4%,其次是SO42-,不同组分呈现不同的季节变化。     

不同通风形式对办公建筑室内外PM2.5浓度影响

以重庆的某办公建筑为研究对象,分别对冬季窗户开启、窗户关闭和空调开启三种通风形式下室内外PM2.5浓度、温湿度进行实测,研究通风形式对室内外PM2.5浓度关系的影响。结果表明:三种通风方式下室内外PM2.5浓度差分别为3.8±2.9μg/m3、15.6±7.2μg/m3、37.5±3.9μg/m3,室内PM2.5浓度总是低于室外。窗户开启时室内、外PM2.5浓度变化趋势相同,窗户关闭和空调开启时室内外PM2.5浓度逐时变化情况存在较大的差异。室内PM2.5浓度在窗户开启状态下受室外环境的影响最大,窗户关闭时次之,空调开启状态下影响最弱。通风形式和室内外温湿度都会对室内、外PM2.5浓度和I/O比产生影响。     

Concentrations of ambient air particulates (TSP, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10) and ionic species at offshore areas near Taiwan Strait

The concentrations of total suspended particulate (TSP), fine particles PM(2.5) (with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm), coarse particles PM(2.5-10) (with aerodynamic diameter 2.5-10 microm,), and water-soluble inorganic ions were studied at two offshore sampling sites, Taichung Harbor (TH) and Wuci Traffic (WT), near Taiwan Strait in central Taiwan during March 2004 to January 2005. Statistical analyses were also carried out to estimate the possible sources of particulate pollution. Experimental results showed that the average mass concentrations of TSP, PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) at TH and WT sampling sites were 154.54 +/- 31.45 and 113.59 +/- 31.94 microg m(-3), 54.03 +/- 16.92 and 42.76 +/- 12.52 microg m(-3), and 30.31+/- 9.79 and 24.16 +/- 7.27 microg m(-3), respectively. The dominant inorganic ions at two sampling sites were SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), and NH(4)(+) for TSP and PM(2.5), but that were Ca(2+), Cl(-), and Na(+) for PM(2.5-10). The concentrations of most particulates and inorganic ions were higher in winter at both two sampling sites, and were higher at TH than WT sampling site in each season. From statistical analysis, air-slake of crust surface, sea-salt aerosols, agriculture activities, coal combustion, and mobile vehicles were the possible emission sources of particulate pollution at TH and WT sampling sites.     

室内PM2.5浓度标准的探讨

PM 2.5在室内颗粒物中占有很大比例,由于具有比表面积大的特点,对多种有机物具有较强的吸附能力,可以直接进入肺泡,导致年总死亡率、心肺疾病死亡率以及肺癌死亡率的增加,对人体产生全方位的影响。所以将PM 2.5纳入我国室内空气质量检测范围和评价体系是加强空气污染防治、保障人体健康的必然要求。通过分析一些国家和国际组织的PM 2.5标准、我国《环境空气质量标准》及室内PM2.5的检测标准,对我国《室内空气质量标准》中PM2.5的浓度标准值进行探讨,为室内PM 2.5浓度的控制提出明确的目标与方向。     

Particulate matter characteristics during agricultural waste burning in Taichung City, Taiwan

Agricultural waste burning is performed after harvest periods in June and November in Taiwan. Typically, farmers use open burning to dispose of excess rice straw. PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) measurements were conducted at National Chung Hsing University in Taichung City using a dichotomous sampler. The sampling times were during straw burning periods after rice harvest during 2002-2005. Ionic species including SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Cl(-) and Na(+) and carbonaceous species (EC and OC) in PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) were analyzed. The results showed that the average PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) concentrations were 123.6 and 31.5 microg m(-3) during agricultural waste burning periods and 32.6 and 21.4 microg m(-3) during non-waste burning periods, respectively. The fine aerosol ionic species including Cl(-), K(+) and NO(3)(-) increased 11.0, 6.7 and 5.5 times during agricultural burning periods compared with periods when agricultural waste burning is not performed. K(+) was found mainly in the fine mode during agricultural burning. High nitrogen oxidation ratio was found during agricultural waste burning periods which might be caused by the conversion of Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) to NO(3)(-). It is concluded that agricultural waste burning with low dispersion often causes high PM(2.5) and gases pollutant events.     

道路旁大气悬浮微粒之理化特性及污染源解析

旨在探讨道路旁悬浮微粒之理化成分,并解析其可能的污染来源.悬浮微粒采样作业于2003年5月～2004年1月期间进行,悬浮微粒样本采集时间包括春、夏、秋、冬四季的假日与非假日,所采集的悬浮微粒样本经化学成分分析可得水溶性离子成分与金属元素成分,并透过化学质量平衡受体模式及逆轨迹模式进行污染源解析.测量结果显示,假日的大气悬浮微粒PM10浓度高于非假日,而假日与非假目的总悬浮颗粒则无明显变化.此外,道路旁悬浮微粒PM10主要受非交通源的长程传输与当地的交通源所影响,而总悬浮颗粒则主要源自于附近道路的车行及逸散扬尘.另就悬浮微粒化学成分而言,金属元素成分以Ca、Fe、Al最多,水溶性离子成分则主要为SO42-、NO3-、NH4+等二次污染物.受体模式及逆轨迹模式分析结果得知,污染来源主要为交通污染及道路扬尘,然而,亦有相当部分的污染来自上风处的非交通源.     

亚洲沙尘影响台湾期间大气悬浮微粒之粒径大小及化学组成变化趋势

旨在针对2002年3￣4月亚洲沙尘影响台湾期间,探讨位于台湾海峡中间澎湖群岛之大气悬浮微粒物化特征变化情形。本研究在澎湖群岛的小门村设置悬浮微粒采样站,借以采集近海面之大气悬浮微粒。由悬浮微粒浓度变化情情得知,2002年3￣4月共有3次亚洲沙尘暴抵达澎湖群岛,其粒径分布很明显地由双峰分布(bi-modaldistribution)转变为以粗微粒(coarseparticle)为主之单峰分布(singlemodaldistribution)。此外,悬浮微粒中水溶性离子成分之粒径分布亦随亚洲沙尘之抵达而呈明显变化,其中Cl-和Na+之变化趋势具有一致性,显示海盐之影响颇为重要;NH4+、Ca2+和SO42-均由细微粒(fineparticle)转变为粗微粒,显示(NH4)2SO4或CaSO4应为亚洲沙尘之特征指纹;NO3-主要来自当地污染(localemission),故其分布并无明显变化;Mg2+虽维持以粗微粒为主之单峰分布,但其浓度却增加约2倍左右。上述研究结果显示,当亚洲沙尘抵达台湾地区,不仅悬浮微粒之粒径大小改变,就连化学组成亦出现明显变化。     

Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulate in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of a Taiwanese temple

Incense burning, a common and popular practice among many families and in most temples in Taiwan, can result in indoor pollution-related health problems. This exploratory study was aimed at characterizing human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total suspended particulate (TSP) inside and around a Taiwanese temple, and to compare the indoor levels with levels outside. Additionally, three types of commonly used unburned incense and incense ash were analyzed in order to evaluate the relationship between incense composition and PAH emissions.Standard methods were used to determine air concentrations of 21 PAHs and TSP inside and around a chosen temple. Indoor mean total-PAH concentration, particle-bound PAH concentration and TSP concentration were 6258 ng/m(3), 490 micro g/g and 1316 micro g/m(3), respectively; values for outdoor readings were 231 ng/m (3), 245 micro g/g and 73 micro g/m(3), for outdoors, respectively indicating PAH and TSP concentrations inside 27 and 18 times greater, respectively than outdoors. With respect to concentrations of individual PAHs (particulate+gas phase), the five highest concentrations were of acenaphthylene (AcPy) (3583 ng/m(3)), naphthalene (Nap) (1264 ng/m(3)), acenaphthene (Acp) (349 ng/m(3)), fluoranthene (FL) (243 ng/m(3)) and phenanthrene (PA) (181 ng/m(3)). Median values for indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of individual PAHs ranged from 5.7 to 387.9, which implied that the temple was a significant PAH source. Moreover, PAH content of the tested stick incense and ash was very low. PAH levels inside the temple were much higher than those measured in the vicinity and inside residential houses; and were in fact close to levels measured at a local traffic intersection in Tainan, Taiwan, and those in a graphite-electrode producing plant during the graphitization process. It is obvious that such substantially high concentrations of PAHs and TSP constitute a potential health hazard to people working in or visiting the temple.     

沙尘粒子的物理化学与光学特性

利用激光雷达、卫星、太阳光度计、地面能见度,结合分析化学等资料研究了长程运输到台湾地区的各种粒子的物理化学与光学特性。激光雷达与太阳光度计可以得到沙尘与云的高度分布、大气光学厚度、消光以及粒子大小分布等的信息。地面测站的化学分析等显示沙尘具有增强的水溶性离子:如Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+及Cl-、NO3-、SO42-等。由于这些物质的亲水性,使它们成为云的凝结核。根据粒径分布随着湿度增加而变大,及在一些沙尘事件中观察到云的例案可以知道它们对气候的影响。