张氏马尾藻甘露醇的提取工艺

为优化张氏马尾藻甘露醇的提取工艺,研究分析浸提温度、料液比以及浸提时间对甘露醇提取效果的影响,通过单因素试验和正交试验得到提取甘露醇的最佳工艺参数：浸提温度100℃,料液比1∶100（g/mL）,浸提时间2.0 h。在此最佳工艺条件下,甘露醇提取量达5.636 mg/g。此外,对提取效果影响最大的因素是浸提温度,其次是料液比,影响最小的是浸提时间。     

金银花中绿原酸提取工艺研究

以金银花为原料,采用醇提水沉法提取绿原酸,考察乙醇深度、料液比、浸提时间和浸提温度对绿原酸提取率的影响。采用正交试验对工艺条件进行了优化研究,结果表明最佳工艺条件为：乙醇浓度60%,料液比1：25,浸提时间60min、浸提温度60℃。在最佳工艺条件下进行提取,提取率为463mg/g.     

绿茶中提取茶多糖最佳工艺的优化

采用单因素实验和L9(34)正交实验对绿茶中茶多糖的提取工艺进行了研究,研究了料水质量比、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数对茶多糖提取的影响。结果表明,影响茶多糖得率的主次因素为:料水质量比、浸提温度、浸提次数、浸提时间;最佳提取工艺条件为:料水质量比为1∶25,提取温度85℃,提取时间为90min,提取1次。在此最佳工艺条件下,茶多糖得率为1.92%。     

响应面分析法优化莲花蜂花粉多糖提取工艺研究

为研究水提法提取莲花蜂花粉多糖的条件,在单因素试验的基础上,根据Box-Behnken 试验设计原理,选取料液比、浸提时间和浸提温度三因素三水平进行响应面分析,建立多糖提取率的二次回归方程,得到提取工艺的优化组合条件。结果表明：料液比、浸提时间和浸提温度对莲花蜂花粉多糖提取率都有显著影响,当提取工艺条件为料液比1:9.4(g/mL)、浸提时间2.4h、浸提温度81.6℃、浸提2 次时,莲花蜂花粉多糖提取率预测值为1.2201%、验证值为1.2317%。     

丁香总酚提取工艺研究

研究丁香总酚的水浴提取工艺。以丁香为原料,超纯水为提取溶剂,没食子酸为标准品,采用了Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定丁香提取液中总酚的含量,通过单因素实验和三因素三水平正交实验,探寻浸提时间、浸提温度和料液比对丁香总酚提取的影响并优化提取工艺。研究结果表明:在试验范围内影响丁香总酚提取率的主次因素依次为料液比浸提时间浸提温度;丁香总酚提取的最佳工艺参数为:料液比、浸提温度和浸提时间分别为1∶85、75℃和50min,在此条件下,试验得到的丁香总酚提取率为125.94mg/g。经验证,标准偏差为0.014。本研究实现了对丁香总酚水浴提取工艺的优化;研究可为进一步开发利用丁香提供参考数据。     

复合溶剂提取大蒜精油的工艺条件研究

以环已烷- 丙酮复合溶剂提取大蒜精油,对复合溶剂提取大蒜精油的工艺条件进行研究,探讨影响大蒜精油得率的因素条件：复合溶剂质量配比、料液质量比、浸提温度、浸提时间。单因素试验确定较好的因素水平,正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,提取大蒜精油最佳工艺条件为：环已烷- 丙酮复合溶剂质量配比7:3,料液质量比1:6,浸提温度55℃,浸提时间6h。     

超声优化柑橘皮水溶性活性成分的提取工艺研究

以柑橘皮水溶性活性成分为研究对象,超声辅助浸提为手段,先经单因素试验研究,分别考察料液比、温度、pH值及浸提时间对其提取效果的影响。在此基础上进一步通过正交试验设计结合响应面分析,得出最佳提取工艺条件为：料液比1：20,浸提温度45．8℃,pH值6．0,超声浸提时间25．0min,测得吸光度值为0．709,浸提效果显著。     

玉米黄色素的提取工艺探讨

对玉米蛋白粉中黄色素的提取条件进行了系统的研究；结果表明，提取的最佳工艺条件是：用95％乙醇为浸提剂，在料液比为1：16，温度为65℃的条件下，浸提时间为4小时。     

正交试验法优选坛紫菜多糖的提取工艺

目的：对常规法提取紫菜多糖的工艺进行优化；方法：L16（4^4）正交试验及方差分析；结果：影响紫菜多糖热水提取的主要因素为醇沉浓度，其次是浸提时间，再次是浸提温度和料液比；结论：常规法提取紫菜多糖的优选方案为浸提温度80℃、浸提时间1．5h、料液比1：20、醇沉浓度90％。     

亚麻胶浸提工艺研究

以亚麻籽皮为原料,水为浸提溶剂,浸提亚麻胶。研究了浸提时间、温度、料液质量比、脱胶次数对亚麻胶得率的影响,确定亚麻胶提取最佳工艺条件为：浸提温度80℃、时间40 min、料液质量比1∶15、脱胶次数2次。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.