3,5-双（二硝甲基）-1,2,4-三唑的双脒基脲盐的合成与性能（英文）

以3-偕二硝甲基-5-乙酸乙酯基-5,5-二硝基-1H-1,2,4-三唑为原料,通过硝化、水解和离子交换反应设计并合成了未见文献报道的新化合物3,5-双(二硝甲基)-1,2,4-三唑的双脒基脲盐(DMDNMT);采用红外光谱、~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR及元素分析等对中间体及最终产物进行了结构表征;对DMDNMT的密度和生成焓进行了理论计算,并利用EXPLO5 6.04软件对DMDNMT的爆轰性能进行了计算,其密度为1.81 g·cm~(-3),爆速为8624.8 m·s~(-1),爆压为29.2 GPa;利用DSC和TG-DTG验证了DMDNMT的热稳定性,DMDNMT的分解点为177.3℃。     

N,N-双((3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)硝胺的合成及性能（英）

以3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑 (DAT)为原料,经重氮化、硝化、N-烷基化等反应合成了N,N-双((3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)硝胺 (BDNTMN)。利用¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR、红外、质谱及元素分析等手段表征了化合物的结构。采用DSC和TG方法分析了目标化合物BDNTMN的主要热性能。采用Gaussian 09程序和Kamlat-Jacbos方程预估了BDNTMN的理化性质和爆轰性能。结果表明,BDNTMN在170.4 ℃ 和254.1 ℃分别有两个热分解峰。预估的BDNTMN的密度、爆速和爆压分别为1.95 g·cm^-3、9.03 km·s^-1和38.7 GPa,性能优于RDX。     

5-叠氮基-1,2,4-三唑-5-乙酸(ATAA)的合成及热性能（英）

以5-氨基-1,2,4三唑基-5-乙酸(1)为原料,经Sandmeyer反应得到一种新型叠氮三唑类化合物5-叠氮基-1,2,4-三唑-5-乙酸(ATAA)。通过¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、IR及元素分析等手段对化合物结构进行表征。TG及DSC的研究表明,ATAA的热行为包括结晶水脱除、熔化及热分解三个过程,每个过程所对应的峰值温度分别为85.6,168.0 ℃和177.9 ℃。基于ATAA设计出一种新型多硝基含能化合物——5-叠氮基-3-硝仿基-1,2,4-三唑(2),并对其爆轰性能进行预估。结果表明其标准生成焓、理论密度及理论爆速分别为449.62 kJ·mol^-1、1.91 g·cm^-3和9096 m·s^-1,整体性能与HMX相当。     

1,1′-偶氮双(3,5-二硝基吡唑)的合成（英）

以3,5-二硝基吡唑(DNP)为原料,经中和、N-胺化、氧化偶联等反应合成了一种含N,N-偶氮结构的富氮、多硝基含能化合物——1,1′-偶氮双(3,5-二硝基吡唑)(ABDNP),采用红外、核磁(¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR)、质谱及元素分析表征了该化合物的结构;考察了不同氧化剂体系对偶联反应的影响;并计算了化合物ABDNP的物化及爆轰性能。结果表明,使用次氯酸叔丁酯作为氧化剂最好,ABDNP收率为43.5%;其密度为1.94 g·cm^-3, 爆速为9309.0 m·s^-1,爆压为42.2 GPa,优于RDX。     

5，5 ′ ⁃二硝胺基⁃2，2 ′ ⁃联⁃1，3，4⁃噁二唑含能离子盐的合成及性能研究（英）

以5,5′-二硝胺基-2,2′-联-1,3,4-噁二唑为原料合成了一系列含能盐,采用了红外（FT-IR））、核磁（NMR）和元素分析进行了结构表征。并用X-射线单晶衍射进一步确定了3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐（9·2H₂O）和4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐（10）的结构,用差热扫描法（DSC）测定了它们的热分解温度,用Explos 5 v6.02计算了它们的爆轰性能。结果表明它们的热分解温度范围为146.8~ 239.9 ℃;计算爆速高于7693 m·s^-1,爆压高于21.3 GPa;密度介于1.683~1.941 g·cm^-3,实测撞击感度介于10~28 J,摩擦感度介于160~360 N,表明5,5′-二硝胺基-2,2′-联-1,3,4-噁二唑类含能盐是一类性能较好的高能量密度材料。     

新型含能基团偕叠氮硝基熔铸炸药载体AzDNAZ的合成及性能（英）

以1-叔丁基-3-硝基-3-羟甲基氮杂环丁烷盐酸盐为原料,经氧化-叠氮化、成盐、硝化等反应合成了具有偕叠氮硝基的熔铸炸药3-叠氮基-1,3-二硝基氮杂环丁烷（AzDNAZ）,总收率达到58.8%,采用红外光谱、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR及元素分析等对中间体及最终产物进行了结构表征;培养了新的中间体1-叔丁基-3-叠氮基-3-硝基氮杂环丁烷硝酸盐的单晶,X射线单晶衍射分析表明：1-叔丁基-3-叠氮基-3-硝基氮杂环丁烷硝酸盐晶体结构属单斜晶系, 空间群为P2(1)/n, a=0.8281(314) nm, b=0.8607(2) nm, c=1.7195(2) nm, α=90°, β=95(2)°, γ=90°, V=1.2210(6) nm³, Z=4,M_r=262,D_c=1.427 g·cm^-3,μ=0.174 mm^-1,F(000)=552, R=0.0418, wR₂=0.1168。利用DSC-TG方法分析了热性能,结果表明：AzDNAZ的熔点为78.2 ℃,分解点为180.7 ℃。采用Gaussian 09程序和Kamlet-Jacobs方程预估了AzDNAZ的性能,结果表明：AzDNAZ的密度为1.75 g·cm^-3,生成焓为331.73 kJ·mol^-1,爆速8460 m·s^-1爆压31.83 GPa。表明AzDNAZ可以作为熔铸炸药和含能增塑剂的候选含能材料。     

3,5-二硝氨基-1,2,4-三唑肼盐晶体结构、热性能及在CMDB推进剂中的应用

在甲醇/水溶剂中培养了3,5-二硝氨基-1,2,4-三唑肼盐（HDNAT）单晶,利用X射线单晶衍射仪测定了结构;晶体结构解析表明HDNAT属于正交晶系,空间群为P2（1）,晶胞参数a=0.35976（12） nm,b=0.9348（3） nm,c=1.1833（4） nm,V=0.393.9（2） nm³,Z=2,D_c=1.91 g·cm^-3,μ=0.170 mm^-1,F（000）=230;采用TG-DTG分析了HDNAT的热性能,其分解峰温为193.17 ℃,分解历程为固相直接分解;设计并制备了含HDNAT的改性双基推进剂（CMDB）配方,测试了爆热、比容、密度、特征速度、比冲等能量特性参数和燃烧性能,实测爆热为6042 kJ·kg^-1、比容为638 L·kg^-1、密度为1.767 g·cm^-3、特征速度为1592.3 m·s^-1;Φ50 mm发动机燃烧性能实测结果表明,在15 MPa压强下工作稳定,比冲可达到250.91 s,燃速较RDX-CMDB推进剂提高18.8%以上,但推进剂的部分压强指数超过0.4以上。     

高纯2，4，6-三硝基-5-乙氧基-1，3-苯二胺的合成及性能

高纯度2,4,6-三硝基-5-乙氧基-1,3-苯二胺（DATNEB）可作为内标物,通过高效液相色谱法对含氯法合成的1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯（TATB）的纯度进行精确分析。为研究DATNEB的合成及其含能特性,以苦味酸为原料,经4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑（ATA）氨化,原甲酸三乙酯乙基化两步制得高纯DATNEB,总收率为32.5%,纯度≥99.8%。产物经红外（IR）、核磁（¹H NMR、¹³C NMR）、质谱（MS）以及单晶X-射线衍射确证结构。对苦味酸双氨基化机理和中间体二氨基苦味酸羟基乙基化机理进行了探讨,且对DATNEB热性能和爆轰性能进行了研究。结果表明,DATNEB为单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/c,晶体学参数为：a=1.21261（7） nm,b=0.89654（4） nm,c=1.12310（6） nm,V=1.17675（11） nm³,Z=4,D=1.62 g·cm^-3。吸热峰温为193.9 ℃,放热峰温为236.0 ℃,具有较好的热稳定性。理论爆速为7.05 km·s^-1,爆压为21.14 GPa,总体爆轰性能与三硝基甲苯（TNT）相当,但感度远低于TNT和环三亚甲基三硝胺（RDX）。因此合成的高纯DATNEB不仅可作为内标物,用于分析含氯法合成的TATB纯度,还有望作为熔铸炸药的辅助组分。     

1-羟基-N-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-5-基）-1H-四唑-5-甲酰胺的合成和性能

为制备新型富氮杂环含能化合物，以5-氰基-1-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-3-基）-1H-四唑（1）为原料，经偕胺肟化、重氮化、取代及亲电加成等步骤，合成一种以酰胺键桥联的富氮含能化合物1-羟基-N-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-5-基）-1H-四唑-5-甲酰胺（3）；利用核磁共振（NMR）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、元素分析（EA）等方法对化合物3进行了结构表征，并通过单晶X-射线衍射分析（SC-XRD）进一步确定了其结构；利用差示扫描量热（DSC）和热重（TG）方法研究了化合物3的热分解过程。结果表明，化合物3初始分解温度为265 ℃，爆速为 8017 m·s^-1，爆压为23.1 GPa，撞击感度为20 J，摩擦感度为288 N。     

4,6-二硝基苯并连三唑-3-偕二硝甲基-1-氧化物合成与性能（英）

以4,6-二硝基苯并连三唑-1-氧化物(DNBTO)为原料,通过复分解、取代、硝化-水解反应设计并合成了未见文献报道的新化合物4,6-二硝基苯并连三唑-3-偕二硝甲基-1-氧化物(TNBTO);采用红外光谱、1H NMR、13C NMR及元素分析等表征了中间体及最终产物的结构;理论计算了TN BTO的密度和生成焓,利用Kamlet-Jacobs方程计算了TN BTO的爆轰性能,其密度为1.81 g·cm-3,爆速为8161.2 m·s-1,爆压为30.2 GPa;利用薄层色谱法跟踪验证了TN BTO的热稳定性,发现TN BTO常温下易分解.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.