降糖肽的制备、生物学效应及其构效关系研究进展

糖尿病是一个严重的全球性健康问题,其发病率近年来呈上升态势.目前证实已有多种药物可有效治疗糖尿病,但多数药物存在毒副作用.因此,研发出安全有效的降糖药物已经成为全世界关注的焦点.降糖肽具有降血糖作用且毒副作用较小,在功能食品和药品领域具有开发价值,应用前景广阔.本文综述了近年来对降糖肽的制备、生物学效应以及构效关系等方...     

The therapeutic potential of plant flavonoids on rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition that mainly affects peripheral joints. Although immunosuppressive drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to treat this condition, these drugs have severe side effects. Flavonoids are the most abundant phenolic compounds which exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Many bioactive flavonoids have powerful anti-inflammatory effects. However, a very few have reached clinical use. Dietary flavonoids have been reported to control joint inflammation and alleviate arthritis symptoms in both human RA and animal models of arthritis. There is little scientific evidence about their mechanism of actions in RA. We review the therapeutic effects of different groups of flavonoids belonging to the most common and abundant groups on RA. In particular, the probable mechanisms of major flavonoids on cells and chemical messengers involved in the inflammatory signaling components of RA are discussed in detail.     

降胆固醇功能性食品的研究进展

心血管疾病是世界范围内威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一，并已成为造成我国成人死亡的首要原因。导致心血管疾病的重要危险因素之一是高胆固醇血症。治疗高胆固醇血症的药物主要有他汀类、消胆胺和依泽替米贝，但长期服用会导致严重的副作用。降胆固醇功能性食品因能够发挥与药物类似的功效，且没有任何副作用的特点，开始逐渐被当作药物的替代品。本文将从胆固醇的代谢入手，探讨胆固醇在机体内的合成、代谢、排泄过程，以及机体自身对胆固醇平衡的调节机制。同时，概括总结具有降胆固醇效果的功能性食品及有效成分，并归纳其降胆固醇机制。     

Include mushroom in daily diet—A strategy for better hepatic health

Liver, the most important metabolic organ of the body, is also the major organ for the detoxification of the blood stream. If the accumulation of toxins is faster than their removal by liver, hepatic damage occurs. Although synthetic drugs are available in the market, long-term use of such drugs has consequential side effects. Therefore, the growing need to find safe, cost-effective drugs devoid of adverse effects is spawning extensive research. Mushrooms are rising as a major medicinal food and pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the medicinal value of different edible mushrooms on free radical–, xenobiotic-, and drug-induced hepatotoxicity.     

基于金纳米颗粒过氧化物酶活性的比色传感器在食品安全检测中的应用

金纳米颗粒(gold nanoparticles,AuNPs)是一种具有类似天然酶活性的纳米材料,已被开发成比色传感器,特别是基于AuNPs过氧化物酶活性的比色方法被广泛应用于分析检测领域.该文介绍了AuNPs的合成方法,总结了基于AuNPs过氧化物酶活性比色传感器的检测原理,列举了其在食品安全检测中的应用实例,最后就...     

Protective roles of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich plant extracts against urolithiasis: A review

In the urinary system, urolithiasis is the third prevalent disorder which causes severe pain in individuals. Urinary stones are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate in approximately 80% of patients. Although various drugs and surgery operations are used to treat the disease, side effects of drugs and the high recurrence after therapy in patients cannot be ignored. Flavonoids are a large group of plant polyphenols with presumed beneficial effects on several common diseases. Whereas, a very few have reached clinical use. The results of recent studies have shown that the plant flavonoids could effectively inhibit the formation of CaOx stones in vitro and in vivo, correlating with their diuretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties and other protective effects. Thus, the flavonoids or flavonoid-rich plant extracts endowed with anti-urolithiasis activities and probable mechanisms of actions were reviewed. In addition, we also put forward some issues needed to be concerned in future investigations as well as offered prospects and challenges for developing the plant flavonoids into drugs for stone prevention.     

黄酮类化合物的抗肿瘤和抗血管生成作用研究进展

恶性肿瘤的治疗是医学界难以攻克的难题,临床上大多数抗肿瘤药物的毒副作用较大。黄酮类化合物是高效、天然、毒副作用较小的抗肿瘤药物,兼具消炎、抑菌、降血脂和防衰老等多种生物功效。文章从细胞水平、分子水平、动物模型层面,阐述近年来国内外有关植物来源的黄酮类化合物的抗肿瘤和抗血管生成作用的研究进展,为其进一步开发利用提供参考依据。     

Measurement of engineered nanoparticles in consumer products by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis

There has been an increasing number of consumer and food products sold on the market that contain various engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). These nanomaterials possess novel physical and chemical properties that can be used for wide applications in agriculture and food safety. However, current analytical methods to detect and measure ENMs are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. The objective of this study was to develop a novel, simple, rapid, and accurate method to detect AgNPs and AuNPs in consumer products using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). SERS measurement was conducted to detect AgNPs and AuNPs using an effective Raman indicator, 4-aminothiophenol (pATP). The pATP can strongly bind onto nanoparticles, generating greatly enhanced Raman signals that can be used for measurement. The pATP was combined with Ag or Au stock solution, AgNO₃, citrate-coated AgNPs, citrate-coated AuNPs, AuCl, AgNPs, AuNPs, and five commercial products to study the differences in their SERS spectral data. The observed spectra of AgNPs and AuNPs have similar peaks at ~?390, ~?1087, and ~?1590 cm^?1 that can be attributed to the C–S stretching vibration, C–C stretching vibration, and C–H stretching vibration, respectively. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) and electron microscopy was used to characterize and quantify AgNPs and AuNPs in the consumer products. The results demonstrate that SERS method in combination with NAA can be an effective method for detection of ENMs, and it can easily distinguish AgNPs and AuNPs from other non-nanoparticle species in the complex matrices.     

Management of diabetic complications through fruit flavonoids as a natural remedy

Diabetes mellitus is a global disorder, and a major issue for health care systems. The current review outlooks the use of fruit flavonoids as natural remedy in the prevention of diabetes mellitus. The onset of diabetes mainly depends upon genetics and lifestyle issues. Currently used therapeutic options for the control of diabetes, like dietary amendments, oral hypoglycemic drugs, and insulin, have their own limitations. Fruit flavonoids possess various antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials and act on various cellular signaling pathways in pancreas, white adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver function, which in result induces antidiabetic effects. Recently, antidiabetic effect of fruit flavonoids has been studied using various animal models and clinical trials. Research studies revealed a statistically significant potential of fruit flavonoids in managing the altered glucose and oxidative metabolisms in diabetes. Unlike synthetic antidiabetic agents, fruit flavonoids manage diabetes without compromising cellular homeostasis thereby posing no side effects. Further studies are required in purification and characterization of different fruit flavonoids with respect to their beneficial effect for diabetic patients.     

大蒜素对糖尿病发生发展的抑制作用及其机制

糖尿病是一类代谢性紊乱、以高糖为主要特征的慢性疾病,包括Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型糖尿病。其发病率近年呈显著上升趋势且并发症多而严重,极大威胁了人类健康。目前糖尿病常规治疗药物存在一定限制与副作用;大蒜素学名二烯丙基三硫化物,具有较佳的药用及经济价值;研究显示大蒜素对糖尿病具有明显治疗效果,有望成为糖尿病的候选药物,与目前药物相辅相成发挥临床功效。本文从大蒜素通过多种方式对糖尿病发生发展以及并发症的治疗及作用机制进行了综述,可为丰富糖尿病治疗的临床用药提供基础数据。     

Overview of food products and dietary constituents with antidiabetic properties and their putative mechanisms of action: A natural approach to complement pharmacotherapy in the management of diabetes

Diabetes is one of the fastest growing chronic, noncommunicable diseases worldwide. Currently, 11 major classes of pharmacotherapy are available for the management of this metabolic disorder. However, the usage of these drugs is often associated with undesirable side effects, including weight gain and hypoglycemia. There is thus a need for new, safe and effective treatment strategies. Diet is known to play a major role in the prevention and management of diabetes. Numerous studies have reported the putative association of the consumption of specific food products, or their constituents, with the incidence of diabetes, and mounting evidence now suggests that some dietary factors can improve glycemic regulation. Foods and dietary constituents, similar to synthetic drugs, have been shown to modulate hormones, enzymes, and organ systems involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The present article reviews the major classes and modes of action of antidiabetic drugs, and examines the evidence on food products and dietary factors with antidiabetic properties as well as their plausible mechanisms of action. The findings suggest potential use of dietary constituents as a complementary approach to pharmacotherapy in the prevention and/or management of diabetes, but further research is necessary to identify the active components and evaluate their efficacy and safety.     

Medicinal plant species with potential antidiabetic properties

Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's major diseases. It currently affects an estimated 143 million people worldwide and the number is growing rapidly. In the USA alone, about 20.8 million or 7% of the population suffer from diabetes or related complications. The estimated direct and indirect costs of diabetes exceed US$ 132 billion annually. Plant‐based medicinal products have been known since ancient times, and several medicinal plants and their products (active natural principles and crude extracts) have been used to control diabetes in the traditional medicinal systems of many cultures worldwide, including those of the Asian Indians, Chinese and South Americans. A limited number of these plant species have been studied and validated for their hypoglycaemic properties using diabetic animal models and in clinical studies using human subjects. Several oral hypoglycaemic agents are the primary forms of treatment for diabetes. However, prominent side‐effects of such drugs are the main reason for an increasing number of people seeking alternative therapies that may have less severe or no side‐effects. Thus plant‐based herbal drugs or botanicals are emerging as the primary components of holistic approaches to diabetes management. In this review, selected species that have been validated for their hypoglycaemic or antihyperglycaemic properties using laboratory diabetic animal models and in clinical trials using human subjects, and reported in refereed journals are presented. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Extraction,identification, fractionation and isolation of phenolic compounds in plants with hepatoprotective effects

The liver is one of the most important organs of human body, being involved in several vital functions and regulation of physiological processes. Given its pivotal role in the excretion of waste metabolites and drugs detoxification, the liver is often subjected to oxidative stress that leads to lipid peroxidation and severe cellular damage. The conventional treatments of liver diseases such as cirrhosis, fatty liver and chronic hepatitis are frequently inadequate due to side effects caused by hepatotoxic chemical drugs. To overcome this problematic paradox, medicinal plants, owing to their natural richness in phenolic compounds, have been intensively exploited concerning their extracts and fraction composition in order to find bioactive compounds that could be isolated and applied in the treatment of liver ailments. The present review aimed to collect the main results of recent studies carried out in this field and systematize the information for a better understanding of the hepatoprotective capacity of medicinal plants in in vitro and in vivo systems. Generally, the assessed plant extracts revealed good hepatoprotective properties, justifying the fractionation and further isolation of phenolic compounds from different parts of the plant. Twenty‐five phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, lignan compounds, phenolic acids and other phenolic compounds, have been isolated and identified, and proved to be effective in the prevention and/or treatment of chemically induced liver damage. In this perspective, the use of medicinal plant extracts, fractions and phenolic compounds seems to be a promising strategy to avoid side effects caused by hepatotoxic chemicals. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

食品中硝基呋喃类药物及其代谢物残留检测的 研究进展

硝基呋喃类药物是一类人工合成的广谱抗菌药物,主要包括呋喃唑酮、呋喃妥因、呋喃它酮、呋喃西林等。因其价格相对低廉,曾大量应用于家禽、家畜和水产品动物的细菌性疾病的预防和治疗。原药在动物体内代谢速度快,半衰期短,其代谢物与蛋白组织结合紧密,残留时间长。研究发现原药及代谢物对人体有潜在的致癌致畸等作用,世界各国在动物源性食品生产过程中已全面禁止此类药物的使用,并规定了检测标准,但动物养殖者们违法使用硝基呋喃类药物的现象仍有发生。硝基呋喃类药物的检测方法繁多,主要有色谱分析法、免疫学方法等,各类方法均有其优点与局限性。本文综述了近年来对食品中硝基呋喃类药物及代谢物的残留检测方法,并对硝基呋喃类代谢物残留的检测方法的趋势进行展望。     

生物活性肽降血糖功能的研究进展

糖尿病严重危害着人类的健康,全球患病人数已超过2亿。近年来,人们从动植物、昆虫以及人体中提取得到具有降血糖活性的多肽类物质,与传统治疗糖尿病的药物相比,其生物活性高,副作用小,有望开发成为预防或治疗糖尿病的功能食品或药物。本文分类介绍一些具有降血糖功能的生物活性肽,以及国内外的研究进展和应用。     

Isolation and Characterization of Peptides with Antihypertensive Activity in Foodstuffs

Hypertension is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases. Synthetic drugs inhibiting ACE activity present high effectiveness in the treatment of hypertension but cause undesirable side effects. Unlike these synthetic drugs, antihypertensive peptides do not show any adverse effect. These peptides are naturally present in some foods and since hypertension is closely related to modern diet habits, the interest for this kind of foods is increasing. Different methods for the purification, isolation, and characterization of antihypertensive peptides in foods have been developed. Nevertheless, there is no revision work summarizing and comparing these strategies. In this review, in vivo and in vitro pathways to obtain antihypertensive peptides have been summarized. The ACE mechanism and the methodologies developed to assay the ACE inhibitory activity have also been described. Moreover, a comprehensive overview on the isolation, purification, and identification techniques focusing on the discovery of new antihypertensive peptides with high activity has been included. Finally, it is worthy to highlight that the quantitation of antihypertensive peptides in foods is a new trend since genotype and processing conditions could affect their presence. Analytical methodologies using mass spectrometry constitute an interesting option for this purpose.     

Potential risks resulting from fruit/vegetable-drug interactions: effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters

It has been well established that complex mixtures of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables can be beneficial for human health. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly apparent that phytochemicals can influence the pharmacological activity of drugs by modifying their absorption characteristics through interactions with drug transporters as well as drug-metabolizing enzyme systems. Such effects are more likely to occur in the intestine and liver, where high concentrations of phytochemicals may occur. Alterations in cytochrome P450 and other enzyme activities may influence the fate of drugs subject to extensive first-pass metabolism. Although numerous studies of nutrient-drug interactions have been published and systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these studies are available, no generalizations on the effect of nutrient-drug interactions on drug bioavailability are currently available. Several publications have highlighted the unintended consequences of the combined use of nutrients and drugs. Many phytochemicals have been shown to have pharmacokinetic interactions with drugs. The present review is limited to commonly consumed fruits and vegetables with significant beneficial effects as nutrients and components in folk medicine. Here, we discuss the phytochemistry and pharmacokinetic interactions of the following fruit and vegetables: grapefruit, orange, tangerine, grapes, cranberry, pomegranate, mango, guava, black raspberry, black mulberry, apple, broccoli, cauliflower, watercress, spinach, tomato, carrot, and avocado. We conclude that our knowledge of the potential risk of nutrient-drug interactions is still limited. Therefore, efforts to elucidate potential risks resulting from food-drug interactions should be intensified in order to prevent undesired and harmful clinical consequences.     

Sensitive fluorescent detection of melamine in raw milk based on the inner filter effect of Au nanoparticles on the fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots

A simple, rapid and sensitive fluorescent assay for determination of melamine has been developed based on inner filter effect (IFE) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots (QDs). When thioglycolic acid-capped CdTe QDs was mixed with citrate-stabilized AuNPs, the fluorescence of CdTe QDs was significantly quenched via the IFE of AuNPs. With the presence of melamine, melamine could induce the aggregation and corresponding absorbance change of AuNPs, which then resulted in the recovery of IFE-decreased emission of CdTe QDs. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit for melamine in raw milk was 0.02mgL(-1). The application of this method in samples of melamine-spiked raw milk suggested a recovery between 103% and 104%. Therefore, the obvious merits provided by the present assay, such as simplicity, rapidity, low cost, and high sensitivity, would make it promising for on-site screening of melamine adulterant in raw milk.     

植物多糖降血糖作用及机制研究进展

糖尿病是高血糖的临床表现之一,长期罹患糖尿病易引发各种并发症。目前尚未发现彻底根治糖尿病的方法,主要采用西药治疗;但是西药具有较严重的副作用,因此,有效降血糖、低毒、副作用小的天然物质备受关注。研究发现,广泛分布于自然界的植物多糖具有良好的降血糖功效,是一类天然的生物活性物质,具有低毒、副作用小的特点,其已成为医药界及保健食品领域的研究热点。本文主要概括了近几年国内外研究的降血糖植物多糖的种类及其降血糖机制。     

岩藻多糖降脂生物活性的作用机制及应用

现如今肥胖是一个严重的公共卫生问题, 市场上的降脂药物药效单一且不良反应明显, 因此迫切需要开发具有良好降脂作用且安全无毒副作用的新药物。岩藻多糖是一种来源于棕色海藻和一些海洋无脊椎动物的复合多糖, 具有良好的降脂生物活性。越来越多的研究发现, 岩藻多糖既可以通过抑制前脂肪细胞分化减少脂肪产生, 也可以通过改善肝脏和小肠对脂质的代谢降低血脂, 从而发挥其降脂生物活性, 达到改善肥胖的功效。而且研究证实岩藻多糖具有良好的生物安全性, 使其在膳食补充剂方面的应用也愈加广泛, 因此将岩藻多糖用于改善肥胖的前景十分可观。本文综述了岩藻多糖的药代动力学和生物安全性, 并总结出其降脂活性作用机制及在代谢类疾病和动脉粥样硬化症中的应用, 以期能在临床上为抗肥胖提供新的研究方向, 并同时为海藻类天然药物的开发提供更多的理论支撑。