Retention of clay-solidified grouting curtain to Cd^2＋ , Pb^2＋ and Hg^2＋ in landfill of municipal solid waste

The effects of components and their ratio of groups on anti-seepage capability of clay-solidified grouting curtain and its permeability of heavy metal cations were investigated by permeating experiments, using reactive solute transport model to study the permeation of heavy metals (Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺). The study of permeating for different mixture ratios of cement and clay indicates that hydraulic conductivity of clay-solidified groupting curtain with different ratios of solid to liquid or with the same ratio of solid to liquid but with different ratios of cement to clay is changed. The laboratory simulation test results also show that precipitates produced in heavy metal cation migration process in curtain block up water flowing passage which makes the hydraulic conductivity of the solution-permeated curtain decrease with the leakage time. The permeation velocities for different heavy metal cations vary with ionic concentration, exchange capacity and ion radius etc. The test results indicate that the permeation rapidity order of heavy metals cations in clay-solidified grouting curtain is Hg²⁺ > Pb²⁺ in the same experimental circumstance. In addition, permeability for different mixture ratios and antisepsis capabilities of clay-solidified grouting curtain were studied in tests. Foundation item: Project (2000-65) supported by the Fund for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education of China     

Removal of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ by adsorption on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills

Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ in leachate were adsorbed on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills with equilibrium experiment. The cation exchange capacity was determined with ammonium acetate. And the concentration of heavy metal cations in leachate was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Their equilibrium isotherms were measured, and the experimental isotherm data were analyzed by using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show that the adsorption capacities of the heavy metal cations are closely related to the compositions of clay-solidified grouting curtain, and the maximum adsorption appears at the ratio of cement to clay of 2 ： 4 in the experimental conditions. At their maximum adsorption and pH 5.0, the adsorption capacities of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ are 16.19 mg/g and 1.21 mg/g. The competitive adsorption coefficients indicate that the adsorption of clay-solidified grouting curtain for Pb^2＋ is stronger than that for Cd^2＋. The adsorption process conforms to Freundlich＇s model with related coefficient higher than 0. 996.     

Analysis on contaminants transport process through clay-solidified grouting curtain in MSW landfills

Clay-solidified grouting curtains are commonly used for remediation by containment or pollution prevention, in addition to their use as a barrier to water flow in municipal solid waste(MSW) landfills. A hydrological model.of water flow and a hydrodynamic model of contaminant are presented to simulate the migration of leachate through clay-solidified grouting curtain in MSW landfills, with particular attention paid to the role of diffusive and adsorptive fluxes in contaminant transport. The models were applied to simulate the sensitivity of the curtain's behavior to changes in parameters, such as thickness, depth, permeability coefficient, diffusion coefficient,resistance coefficient and concentration, and also to demonstrate the contaminant distribution on the evolution of travel time and offset distance of clay-solidified grouting curtain in landfills. It is found that a part of leachate components stays or is retarded in clay-solidified grouting curtain by precipitate or exchange, the retention rate is closely related to composition of clay-solidified grouting curtain, more than 800%, and the maximum occurs at the cementclay ratio of 2: 4 under experimental conditions. Contamination distribution is variable on travel time and offset distance, the highest concentration takes place where the contamination intensity is nearest to the pollution resource or takes place at early middle period of transport, and the pollutant attenuates gradually. The results indicate that claysolidified grouting curtain with a proper thickness, a low permeability coefficient and a high resistance coefficient might serve as a sufficiently effective vertical barrier against leachate seepage and contamination migration in MSWlandfills.     

Analysis on contaminants transport process through clay-solidified grouting curtain in MSW landfills

Clay-solidified grouting curtains are commonly used for remediation by containment or pollution prevention, in addition to their use as a barrier to water flow in municipal solid waste(MSW) landfills. A hydrological model of water flow and a hydrodynamic model of contaminant are presented to simulate the migration of leachate through clay-solidified grouting curtain in MSW landfills, with particular attention paid to the role of diffusive and adsorptive fluxes in contaminant transport. The models were applied to simulate the sensitivity of the curtain’s behavior to changes in parameters, such as thickness, depth, permeability coefficient, diffusion coefficient, resistance coefficient and concentration, and also to demonstrate the contaminant distribution on the evolution of travel time and offset distance of clay-solidified grouting curtain in landfills. It is found that a part of leachate components stays or is retarded in clay-solidified grouting curtain by precipitate or exchange, the retention rate is closely related to composition of clay-solidified grouting curtain, more than 80%, and the maximum occurs at the cementclay ratio of 2 : 4 under experimental conditions. Contamination distribution is variable on travel time and offset distance, the highest concentration takes place where the contamination intensity is nearest to the pollution resource or takes place at early middle period of transport, and the pollutant attenuates gradually. The results indicate that claysolidified grouting curtain with a proper thickness, a low permeability coefficient and a high resistance coefficient might serve as a sufficiently effective vertical barrier against leachate seepage and contamination migration in MSW landfills. Foundation item: Project(2000-65) supported by the Foundation for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education of China     

重金属铅对硫铝酸盐水泥水化及其浸出毒性的影响

研究了硫铝酸盐水泥体系下重金属铅对水泥水化进程的影响,以及硫铝酸盐水泥对重金属铅的固化/稳定效果分析.研究表明,重金属铅掺量达到一定阀值（本试验条件下为2.0%）时,才会对硫铝酸盐水泥水化产生明显影响.用硫铝酸盐水泥对重金属铅进行固化效果良好,重金属铅通过物理固封、替代或吸附等形式可固化入水化产物结构中,且2.0%硝酸铅掺量浸出毒性试验结果控制在国家标准要求之内.     

低共熔溶剂提取液、固相环境介质中重金属的研究

当前, 环境介质(土壤, 水体和大气颗粒) 中重金属浓度超标事件频发。如何萃取环境介质的重金属已经成 为当前研究的重要课题。低共熔溶剂(DESs) 是由氢键受体和氢键供体组合而成的两组或两组以上组分的低共熔混 合物, 作为新兴的绿色溶剂, 由于具有绿色环保、可生物降解, 对处理对象损伤性小等优势, 被广泛应用于重金属的 萃取。然而, 关于DESs 对环境介质中重金属的提取的研究仍然缺乏。基于此, 系统综述了DESs 对不同环境介质中 重金属萃取的研究进展, 重点探究DESs 对液相和固相中重金属的萃取机理及效果。结果表明, DESs 对提取液相和 固相中重金属(如Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Co、Mn、As 等) 都呈现较好效果。其中氢键供体的羧基和合成DESs 过程中产 生的氢键对重金属的去除起到关键作用, 可处理各种环境介质中重金属。现有的数据表明, 发展DESs 提取重金属 可能是传统处理重金属污染工艺良好的替代方式。     

污泥制备水泥及其重金属释出的初步研究

城市污泥的最佳出路是无害化处理，资源化利用，产业化发展，将城市污泥作为生态水泥的生产配料是目前污泥资源化利用的新途径。该文将城市污泥作为配料分别按照6％和20％的比例与粘土混合制成水泥并养护7天后，测定水泥熟料的一些物理化学性质以及水泥固结体的重金属浸出含量。研究结果表明：与粘土相比，污泥有烧失量大、杂质含量高、A1203含量偏低的特点；以低比例污泥制备成的水泥熟料的化学成分、矿物组成和物理性能更接近于普通水泥熟料；水泥固结体中铅、镉、总铬、铜和锌可浸出含量未超出GB5085．3—1996浸出毒性标准，表明污泥中的重金属离子得到有效的束缚。     

Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash with Cement and Its Leaching Behaviors of Heavy Metals

The solidifying qffect of cement addition on municipal solid waste incineration fly ash ( MSWFA for short, collected from the gas exhaust system of MSW incinerator), the interaction of MSWFA with cement and water and the leaching of heavy metals from cement-solidified MSWFA are investigated. The main results show that : ( 1 ) when MSWFA is mixed with cement and water, 112 evolution, the formation and volume expansion of AFt will take place, the volume expansion can be reduced by ground rice husk ash addition ; (2) heavy metals do leach from cement-solidified MSWFA and at lower pH more leaching will occur; (3) compared with cement - so-lidified fly ash, the leachate of solidified MSWFA is with higher heavy metal contents ; (4) with the increment of cement addition leached heavy metals are decreased ; and (5) concentrations of Zn , Mn , Cu and Cd in all the leachates can meet the relevant Standards of Japan, but as the regulations for soil and groundwater protection of Japan are concerned, precautions against the leaching of Pb , Cl^- and Cr^6 and so on are needed.     

大宝山矿区河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对广东大宝山矿区4条河流的水系沉积物重金属污染进行了潜在生态风险评价.多种重金属生态风险指数RI表明:4条河流的重金属污染均达到了强生态危害,导致生态危害的主要重金属元素是Cd、Cu和As,Pb、Hg次之,Zn、Cr影响最小;主要受污染河流为矾洞河与船肚河.分析表明,采矿活动对重金属的含量及分布有很大影响,Pb-Zn、Pb-As、Zn-Cd和Zn-As的同源性很高,Hg则表现出不同于其它元素的累积特征;沉积物的粒度对重金属元素在其中的含量也有较大影响,除Cr、Hg和Pb外,Cd、Cu、As、Zn等元素在沉积物中的含量均受沉积物粒度的影响.     

某金矿区不同品种蔬菜中重金属分析及评价

为了研究金矿区土壤重金属元素污染的生物效应,在研究区(亦称土壤污染区)和对比区采集不同蔬菜样 品,分析其中重金属元素质量分数,结果表明:污染区内蔬菜中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As的质量分数明显高于对比区; 依据食品中污染物限量标准,蔬菜中Hg、Pb、Cd的超标倍数较大,分别为20.37、6.99、0.90,超标倍数均值顺序 为Hg>Pb>Cd,As、Cr和Cu不超标;污染区内蔬菜中Hg、As、Cu质量分数均值呈现为叶菜类大于果实类大 于块根类,Pb、Cd、Cr表现为叶菜类大于块根类大于果实类;不同品种蔬菜中重金属的吸收富集能力不同,油麦 菜、青菜、萝卜叶、韭菜显著富集Hg、Pb、Cd,受污染程度较为严重。     

昆山市农用地土壤重金属污染现状及评价

为了解昆山市农用地土壤重金属的含量及其污染情况,通过调查、采样和实验室分析,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对测定结果进行评价。结果表明,重金属平均含量分别为Cd 0.199mg/kg、Hg 0.199mg/kg、Pb 30.484mg/kg、Cr 87.729mg/kg、Cu 314.275mg/kg、Zn0.256 mg/kg、N i 31.083mg/kg、As 8.150 mg/kg。农用地土壤已受到不同程度的污染,主要污染物为Cd,其平均单项污染指数为13.525。除As外的其他重金属含量都高于土壤背景值,Cd、Hg、Cr、Pb存在着严重的点源污染,整个昆山市农用地土壤重金属污染区域差异比较明显。     

洪泽湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及潜在生态危害

采用变异系数、富集系数、潜在生态危害指数分析评价洪泽湖表层沉积物中的重金属的相关特性。评价结果表明：重金属的空间分布离散性及富集程度存在明显差异,重金属元素空间波动程度依次为Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉As〉Cr〉Zn〉Hg,富集程度依次为Cr〉Zn〉As〉Cu—Pb〉Hg〉Cd;重金属潜在生态危害处于轻微水平,潜在生态危害系数依次为Hg〉As〉Cd〉Cr〉Cu〉Zn〉Pb,洪泽湖南部、东部出湖口表层沉积物重金属潜在生态危害指数较大,网围养殖区受到重金属的轻微污染;Cr,Zn,Pb,Cd污染来源基本一致,对重金属潜在生态危害综合指数影响较大。     

Heavy metals accumulation effect in rabbit body fluids after smoking

Concentration of heavy metals in blood and urine of rabbit after inhaling three different kinds of cigarette was studied through the animal passive smoking pattern. The samples were prepared by nitric acid solution digestion and determination of seven kinds of heavy metals including Hg, Se, Sn, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr was performed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The ICP-AES method was established with good precision and accuracy, relative standard deviation (n=6) was between 2.9% and 5.9%, and the recovery was in the range of 95.0%–104.2%. Concentration of six heavy metals increases in some extent in blood and urine after period of smoking and the increasing of heavy metals in blood and urine all shows time dependence. Significantly higher heavy metal levels are observed in the blood and urine of the cigarette inhaling rabbits in the exposed group. The concentration of six kinds of heavy metals in the blood of the rabbit increases after 16 weeks exposing to cigarette smoking. Three times of Hg, ten times of Se and trace amount of Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr are detected in the blood after 16 weeks of smoking. For urine samples, about three times of Hg, two times of Se, five times of Pb and trace amount of Cd are detected after 16 weeks of inhalation of cigarette. Comparatively, higher concentration of heavy metals are detected after inhaling of Nise cigarette.     

青岛胶州湾海底隧道涌水断层全断面帷幕注浆技术研究

青岛胶州湾海底隧道F4-4断层破碎带,受构造影响严重,围岩破碎,岩体强度低,出水量大,拱顶自稳能力差,在极端地质条件下存在突水的高风险,施工风险极大.基于这种情况,通过现场试验确定了全断面帷幕注浆技术参数,主隧道注浆加固区范围为隧道开挖轮廓线外5?m;上断面周边注浆扩散半径为1.5m,下断面注浆扩散半径为2?m;注浆终孔间距为3.5m;水灰比为1∶1的超细水泥;注浆压力为3～4MPa;施工工艺选用前进式注浆.最后采用全断面帷幕注浆技术方案和措施在青岛胶州湾海底隧道右线主洞穿越F4-4断层的设计和施工中得到了成功的应用.通过检查孔检验,注浆效果良好,达到了开挖要求.全断面帷幕注浆技术对类似工程具有一定的借鉴与指导意义.     

Cr3+、Pb2+单一及复合胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响

研究在污染条件下小麦对重金属胁迫的反应,为农业生产中早期诊断重金属污染提供一些依据。用Cr3+、Pb2+及Cr3+、Pb2+混合溶液的各种浓度溶液处理小麦,研究Cr3+、Pb2+及Cr3+、Pb2+混合溶液对小麦萌发和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:在Pb2+的培养环境中,各个浓度下的发芽率相差不多;在Cr3+的培养环境中,小麦的发芽率随着浓度的增加呈下降趋势,浓度越大对小麦发芽率的抑制作用越明显;在Cr3+、Pb2+混合的培养环境中,各个浓度下的发芽率随浓度的增加而呈降低的趋势,并且各个浓度下发芽率基本都相对低于相同浓度下的单一Cr3+、Pb2+的发芽率。在低浓度的重金属离子中,游离脯氨酸的含量与重金属离子浓度呈正相关。     

基于RFPA2D的含裂隙灌浆帷幕体渗透损伤演化规律

以某石灰石矿涌水治理工程为背景,基于RFPA~(2D)-Flow软件,建立不同加载方案下的含45°狭长椭圆裂隙的灌浆帷幕体二维平面应变数值模型,分析了轴压、围压及渗透水头差等因素对含裂隙灌浆帷幕体作用的损伤演化规律。结果表明:在轴向加载作用下,裂隙灌浆帷幕体的裂纹发生在裂隙尖端附近,且裂隙倾角与初始裂隙呈垂直扩展、延伸直至贯通破坏,破坏形式呈径向拉裂破坏;在围压加载作用下,裂隙灌浆帷幕体的裂纹萌生同样发生在裂隙尖端附近,但围压加载的破坏裂隙是沿轴向扩展、延伸贯通的;渗透水头差对裂隙灌浆帷幕体的水压致裂形式与轴向加载的形式较为相近,都是径向贯通破坏,不同之处在于渗透水头差造成的破坏呈现为初始裂隙范围内径向粉碎性贯通破坏。     

水泥基土石坝防渗注浆材料试验

为解决水利工程中普遍使用的注浆材料流动性差、结石率低等问题,以水泥为基本材料,掺加粉煤灰及膨润土,将减水剂、膨胀剂作为外加剂,对不同配比的材料进行浆液流动性及结石体物理性能等试验分析,综合各试验结果得出适用的材料配比。试验结果表明:掺加膨润土可以增加浆液稳定性,提高结石率,但同时会降低浆液流动性;掺加适量粉煤灰可以增加浆液流动性,提高浆液可注性;随着膨润土和粉煤灰掺量增加,浆液结石体的强度会有明显下降;膨润土和粉煤灰的掺量应适宜。研究成果对水利工程注浆材料研发具有较大的指导意义。     

Factors affecting phenol adsorption on clay-solidified grouting curtain

Batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of phenol on clay-solidified grouting curtain (CSGC) and the effects of contact time,pH and adsorbent concentration on the adsorption were investigated.Under the experimental conditions used,2 d was adequate to determine the equilibrium of phenol adsorption onto CSGC.The amount of phenol adsorbed by CSGC from an initial concentration of 100mg/L was found to be 8.4mg/g.The adsorption process includes particle diffusion and liquid film diffusion,and the...     

The Cement Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

The chemical composition, the content and the leachability of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration （ MSWI） fly ash were tested and analyzed. It is shown that the leachability of Pb and Cr exceeds the leaching toxicity standard, and so the MSWI fly ash is considered as hazardous waste and must be solidifled. The effect of solidifying the MSWI fly ash by cement was studied, and it is indicated that the heavy metals can be well immobilized if the mass fraction of the fly ash is appropriate. The heavy metals were immobilized within cement hydration products through either physical fixation, substhtaion, deposition or adsorption mechanisms.     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液防渗浆材的实验研究

通过正交实验研制出了一种低渗透系数并对污染物有一定吸附阻滞作用的黏土基浆材,用于城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液防渗工程。该浆材配方为:膨润土20%～30%、水泥15%～25%、粉煤灰20%～25%、纯碱1.0%～1.4%、稀释剂FCLS加量0.35%～0.75%,余之为水。该浆材结石率大于99.6%,固结体28d渗透系数小于0.8×10-7cm/s,无侧限抗压强度小于2.0MPa,浆材固结体对CODCr、BOD5、铵态氮和磷的吸附阻滞率达到了82%以上,对Hg、Pb等重金属离子阻滞率在99%以上。