无线传感器网络中一种ARMA流量预测的拥塞控制算法

在无线传感器网络中,由于各节点的通信能力、计算能力、存储能力等都比较有限,使其需采取有别于传统网络的拥塞控制策略.本文针对传感网络特有的多对一、多跳通信方式经常导致网络拥塞的缺陷,提出一种基于流量预测的拥塞避免算法(SCATP).该算法通过ARMA模型分析流经各节点的当前流量,预测网络下一时刻的拥塞状况,并据此进行流量分配,从而实现拥塞控制的同时保证数据的可靠传输.仿真实验表明,SCATP算法在延迟、抖动率、吞吐量和能量有效性等方面能有效改善网络的服务质量.     

深空DTN多属性决策拥塞控制的研究

针对深空时延容忍网络(DTN)因节点存储空间有限造成的拥塞问题,提出了一种改进的多属性决策选择下一跳节点的策略。其基本思想是根据节点的存储空间占用率将节点状态划分成普通、半拥塞和拥塞三个状态,结合节点接收数据包的历史记录,在此基础上采用多属性决策理论选择最优的下一跳节点,从而达到预防拥塞的目的。仿真结果表明,与原策略相比,提出的策略在单个节点队列长度、平均队列长度、数据包接收率和数据包平均分发时间上有明显的改善,有效地缓解了网络拥塞。     

无线传感器网络中逐级递推的流量控制机制

随着传感器网络负荷的增加,拥塞将会导致网络性能的大幅下降。采用基于反馈的无线传感器网络流量控制机制,通过对拥塞节点的前一跳节点进行流量控制,来实现控制流入拥塞节点的流量大小,平衡经过拥塞节点流量的流入和流出速率,在很大程度上改善了网络性能,提高了网络服务质量。     

基于REPBR跳数效用转发的改进路由算法

针对基于压力的水下无线传感器网络路由协议数据包传输路径距离过长、能量消耗不均衡等问题,提出一种基于REPBR跳数效用转发的改进路由算法。采用一种效用函数策略即加入剩余能量、节点间的跳数和链路质量3种因子解决能量消耗不均衡的问题,引入最小跳数算法获取节点到sink节点的跳数值,在数据包转发阶段综合比较路由效益选择最佳转发节点。仿真结果表明,改进后算法相比REPBR、EEDBR、DBR有较小的网络时延,提升了数据包的转发效率,提高了网络性能。     

基于滑模变结构的无线传感器网络跨层拥塞控制

基于滑模变结构机制,讨论了节点级和链路级同时发生拥塞情况下的无线传感器网络跨层拥塞控制问题.对于节点级拥塞和链路级拥塞分别提出了准滑模控制策略.链路级拥塞采取节点输出流量最小的数据包优先进行传输的原则,实现了拥塞控制的跨层设计,大大降低了各节点排队时间,能够有效缓解拥塞的发生.仿真结果表明,该算法实现了较高的吞吐量和较低的延迟,提高了整个网络的服务质量.     

基于节点双向选择的水声传感网络自适应能量优化分配

针对水下传感器网络节点能量负载不均衡以及水下节点路径传输损耗过大等问题,为了平衡网络的节点能量分配,提高网络能量的利用效率,提出了一种基于节点双向选择的水声网络自适应能量优化分配算法。基于节点的剩余能量情况提出下一跳候选节点的双向选择方法,防止剩余能量过低的节点在传送数据时由于传输损耗过大而中止,充分考虑节点剩余能量和传输损耗之间的权衡,提出了最优转发节点的竞争公式,再通过比较候选节点的竞争值来选举最佳的下一跳节点。实验仿真表明,自适应能量优化分配算法能够有效地提高水下传感器网络的能量利用效率,并通过与对比算法组的比较证明了算法在能量优化上的有效性。     

能量均衡的无线传感器网络短路径路由算法

如何均衡地使用无线传感器网络节点的能量并产生较小的网络延迟是无线传感器网络研究的一个难点. 本文提出了一种能量均衡的无线传感器网络短路径路由算法EB-SPR (Energy-balanced short path routing). 首先将网络构造成层次结构, 节点根据上一层邻节点能量水平并优先使用剩余能量多的节点作为下一跳来转发数据包, 这种方式有效地平衡了网络能耗, 进而提高了网络生命周期. 另外, EB-SPR通过在路由中限制数据包在同一层被转发的次数来降低数据到达基站的跳数. 本文证明了EB-SPR下源数据包到达基站所经历的跳数最多为最短路径路由算法的2倍, 所以本文算法产生的网络延迟具有明确的上界. 模拟实验表明EB-SPR有效地延长了网络生命周期并能产生较小的网络延迟.     

基于查询的无线传感器网络多源单汇路由算法

针对定向扩散巨大的能量开销以及在路径加强时存在的链路冗余等问题,提出了一种基于查询的无线传感器网络多源单汇路由算法。该算法通过网络分簇来减少平面泛洪所带来的能量消耗,根据邻居节点的优先级来选择下一跳节点,建立多条源节点到Sink节点的路径,并在路径交叉处进行数据融合。仿真结果表明,该算法在节点能耗均衡性、能量有效性、数据包的传输量等方面具有明显的优势,有效地延长了网络生命周期。     

一种基于IEEE 802.11e的多跳无线网络拥塞控制协议

多跳无线网络中网络拥塞的出现将严重降低网络的性能。基于802.11e提供的区分业务类型的信道接入优先级机制,提出了一种对尽力而为(best-effort)类型业务动态调整其优先级进行网络拥塞控制的协议。该算法的主要思想是对发生网络拥塞的节点提升其业务流传输的优先级使其获得更多的传输机会以缓解拥塞状况,并对严重的网络拥塞状况采取反向施压的策略降低上游节点业务流的转发速率。仿真结果表明,该算法有效地提高了网络重负载情况下的吞吐量。     

基于蚁群优化的AdHoc网络生存时间和其他网络性能平衡路由协议

本文提出了基于蚁群优化(ACO)算法的Ad Hoc网络生存时间和其他网络性能平衡路由协议(ABEAR)。协议按需发送人工蚂蚁进行路由发现,综合节点残留的信息素浓度、下一跳节点剩余能量、节点周围链路质量和拥塞情况选择下一跳节点来转发数据包,尽量避开信道使用频率较高的路径,减少了因信道冲突、数据包丢失和数据包重传所造成的能量损失,还缩短了网络传输时延,提高了网络吞吐量。协议还采用跨层机制根据MAC层通信活动情况,在保证网络连通性的前提下使部分空闲节点转入睡眠状态来节省能量消耗。仿真表明,与AODV协议相比,ABEAR协议在网络生存时间、数据包交付率和端到端平均时延方面均有较大改善。     

一种适用于无线网络的流媒体传输机制

为保证无线网络中多媒体数据的传输质量,提出了一种适用于无线网络的流媒体传输机制（WMTCC）。该机制通过发送探测报文区分网络拥塞丢包和链路误码随机丢包,准确判断网络的拥塞状况,实施发送速率调节,保证了流媒体服务质量(QoS)。由于准确区分出无线链路误码丢包,该机制在链路误码率较高时能维持较高的网络吞吐量。仿真实验结果显示在高误码率无线网络中,该机制可以获得更高的吞吐量和更大的拥塞窗口,并且发送速率的变化更加平滑。     

一种基于带宽估计的无线网拥塞控制机制

针对无线网提出了一种基于带宽估计的拥塞控制机制。该机制利用TCP确认帧携带的数据包到达时间来估算包到达速率，从而得到带宽的估计值。在此基础上用带宽的估计值更新拥塞窗口，避免在发生链路错误时启动拥塞控制机制，由此提高了TCP在无线网上的性能。实验结果表明，算法能减少链路差错对TCP性能带来的影响，提高了TcP在无线网上的吞吐率。     

An expert system for real-time traffic management in wireless local area networks

The paper explores delay-based congestion and flow control and the offloading of real-time traffic from wireless local area networks (WLANs) to mobile cellular networks (MCNs) in multihomed devices. The control system developed is based on an embedded hierarchical expert system. It adjusts transceivers’ traffic flow(s) for prevailing network conditions to achieve application-dependent delay and throughput limits. In wireless networks, delay and throughput depend on the packet size, packet transmission interval, and node connection density. Therefore, the controller on the destination node monitors average one-way delay and the change of one-way delay of the incoming traffic. On this basis, it adjusts the packet size and transmission interval of the source node by transmitting a control command to the source. If the prevailing level of traffic in the network exceeds its capacity despite of the control actions taken, devices prepare for developed asynchronous offloading of traffic to another access network.The control model was validated via simulation of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) traffic in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results demonstrate that the expert system developed is able to regulate packet sizes to match the prevailing application-dependent optimum and transfer traffic to another network if the network exceed its capacity no matter the control actions taken. Although this work is motivated mainly by issues of congestion and flow control of WLAN systems and the simulations and results were prepared for the IEEE 802.11b system, the approach and techniques are not limited to these systems, but they are applicable for other packet switched access networks (PSANs), too.     

Improving TCP fairness and performance with bulk transmission control over lossy wireless channel

The traditional windows-based TCP congestion control mechanism produces throughput bias against flows with longer packet roundtrip times; the flow with a short packet roundtrip time preoccupies the shared network bandwidth to a greater extent than others. Moreover, the blind window reduction that occurs whenever packets are lost decreases the network utilization severely, especially in networks with high packet losses. This paper proposes a sender-based TCP congestion control, called TCP-BT. The scheme estimates the network bandwidth depending on the transmission behavior of applications, and adjusts the congestion window by considering both the estimated network bandwidth and the packet roundtrip time to improve fairness as well as transmission performance. The scheme has been implemented in the Linux platform and compared with various TCP variants in real environments. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme improves transmission performance, especially in networks with congestion and/or high packet loss rates. Experiments in real commercial wireless networks have also been conducted to support the practical use of the proposed mechanism.     

TCP-ACC: performance and analysis of an active congestion control algorithm for heterogeneous networks

Transmission control protocol (TCP) is a reliable transport layer protocol widely used in the Internet over decades. However, the performances of existing TCP congestion control algorithms degrade severely in modern heterogeneous networks with random packet losses, packet reordering and congestion. In this paper, we propose a novel TCP algorithm named TCP-ACC to handle all three challenges mentioned above. It integrates 1) a real-time reorder metric for calculating the probabilities of unnecessary Fast Retransmit (FRetran) and Timeouts (TO), 2) an improved RTT estimation algorithm giving more weights to packets that are sent (as opposed to received) more recently, and 3) an improved congestion control mechanism based on packet loss and reorder rate measurements. Theoretical analysis demonstrates the equilibrium throughput of TCP-ACC is much higher than traditional TCP, while maintaining good fairness with regard to other TCP algorithms in ideal network conditions. Extensive experimental results using both network emulators and real network show that the algorithm achieves significant throughput improvement in heterogeneous networks as compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms.     

基于RTCP的移动流媒体研究

在移动网络发生拥塞时,由于传统的TCP友好速率控制机制(TFRC)存在丢包率偏差问题,导致移动流媒体服务器不能获取正确的嗣络状态信息,从而过度调节发送速率.为了解决问题,提出一种基于RTCP的改进机制.基于移动网络的特性,机制结合时间分布均匀化的RTCP发送机制缓解RTCP初始化洪泛,通过分析RTCP报告,在流媒体服务器端正确区分出网络拥塞丢包和移动网络随机误码丢包,以获得正确的丢包率,最终实现数据发送速率的自适应调节.利用NS2网络仿真软件进行仿真,结果显示该机制比TFRC机制更具备适应网络波动的能力,并能维持较高的网络利用率.移动流媒体的服务质量得到提升.     

适用于异构网络的改进TCP协议研究

在有线网络中,网络丢包主要是网络拥塞造成的,而传统的TCP协议主要是针对有线网络设计的。对于无线网络,链路错误的随机丢包成为其主要的丢包,传统的TCP已不再适用。为了使TCP适用于有线-无线的异构网络中,提出一种改进的TCP协议(命名为TCP-Ackflag)。此协议通过接收端判断分组数据的相对延迟趋势来判断网络拥塞情况,并在接收端反馈给发送端的ACK包中定义一个拥塞标志位。接收端在接收ACK包中,记录这个拥塞标志位。为了使网络能达到最大吞吐量,发送端只有在发现产生网络丢包现象后再立即对记录的拥塞标志位的值进行检测,通过检测到的拥塞标志位的值来判断网络拥塞情况,最终决定是进入网络拥塞处理过程还是简单地快速重传过程,从而保证了有线-无线异构网络的传输性能。仿真结果表明,此方案对网络拥塞判断准确性和灵敏性都有极大提高,并在此基础上保证了网络传输性能。     

一种基于蚁群优化的WSN拥塞控制算法*

针对无线传感器网络中由于拥塞引起的丢包和能量过度消耗等问题,提出了一种基于蚁群优化的拥塞控制算法以减轻WSN中的拥塞和改进网络性能。该算法充分考虑了给定时刻WSN的拥塞状况,分成三个阶段在源节点和sink节点间寻找一条最佳的路径,并及时地消除拥塞。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在网络吞吐量、丢包率、时延和能耗方面具有较好的综合网络性能。     

Packet video transport in ATM networks with single-bit feedback

The promise of a broadband integrated service digital network has led to the design of mechanisms for efficient transport of real-time compressed video in packet switching networks. We examine feedback control for video transport in ATM networks where the available feedback is a single bit of information carried in the cell header. We investigate the performance of three single-bit schemes for source rate adaptation. Two were originally for congestion control of bursty data traffic and are modified to control video traffic. The third scheme conveys more information about the state of queue(s) at the bottleneck. The simulation results show that all three schemes for feedback control of VBR video streams work remarkably well. During severe network congestion, the signal quality degrades gracefully, but not uniformly across all connections. Based on insights from the initial simulations, we propose a scheme to improve the fairness of service and demonstrate its effectiveness.     

自相似流量下包丢失的尺度特性

IP网络上的设备故障与流量拥塞经常导致网络数据丢包现象,研究网络上丢包行为的特性对于拥塞控制机制的设计、网络性能分析和服务质量保证都具有重要意义。文章基于ON/OF模型构造了具有长相关性包到达过程的链路流量,研究了在单路复用网络模型上的丢包特性,分析了丢包过程中体现的长相关特性,以及流量长相关性、缓冲区大小、输出链路速率因素与其长相关特性的关系。