Intelligent methods for solving inverse problems of backscattering spectra with noise: a comparison between neural networks and simulated annealing

This paper investigates two different intelligent techniques—the neural network (NN) method and the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for solving the inverse problem of Rutherford backscattering (RBS) with noisy data. The RBS inverse problem is to determine the sample structure information from measured spectra, which can be defined as either a function approximation or a non-linear optimization problem. Early studies emphasized on numerical methods and empirical fitting. In this work, we have applied intelligent techniques and compared their performance and effectiveness for spectral data analysis by solving the inverse problem. Since each RBS spectrum may contain up to 512 data points, principal component analysis is used to make the feature extraction so as to ease the complexity of constructing the network. The innovative aspects of our work include introducing dimensionality reduction and noise modeling. Experiments on RBS spectra from SiGe thin films on a silicon substrate show that the SA is more accurate but the NN is faster, though both methods produce satisfactory results. Both methods are resilient to 10% Poisson noise in the input. These new findings indicate that in RBS data analysis the NN approach should be preferred when fast processing is required; whereas the SA method becomes the first choice should the analysis accuracy be targeted.     

Modelling of a magneto-rheological damper by evolving radial basis function networks

This paper presents an approach to approximate the forward and inverse dynamic behaviours of a magneto-rheological (MR) damper using evolving radial basis function (RBF) networks. Due to the highly nonlinear characteristics of MR dampers, modelling of MR dampers becomes a very important problem to their applications. In this paper, an alternative representation of the MR damper in terms of evolving RBF networks, which have a structure of four input neurons and one output neuron to emulate the forward and inverse dynamic behaviours of an MR damper, respectively, is developed by combining the genetic algorithms (GAs) to search for the network centres with other standard learning algorithms. Training and validating of the evolving RBF network models are achieved by using the data generated from the numerical simulation of the nonlinear differential equations proposed for the MR damper. It is shown by the validation tests that the evolving RBF networks can represent both forward and inverse dynamic behaviours of the MR damper satisfactorily.     

On Solving the Inverse Scattering Problem with RBF Neural Networks: Noise-Free Case

Neural networks are successfully used to determine small particle properties from knowledge of the scattered light – an inverse light scattering problem. This type of problem is inherently difficult to solve as it is represented by a highly ill-posed function mapping. This paper presents a technique that solves the inverse light scattering problem for spheres using Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks. A two-stage network architecture is arranged to enhance network approximation capability. In addition, a new approach to computing basis function parameters with respect to the inverse scattering problem is demonstrated. The technique is evaluated for noise-free data through simulations, in which a minimum 99.06% approximation accuracy is achieved. A comparison is made between the least square and the orthogonal least square training methods.     

Nonlinear blind source separation using a radial basis functionnetwork

This paper proposes a novel neural-network approach to blind source separation in nonlinear mixture. The approach utilizes a radial basis function (RBF) neural-network to approximate the inverse of the nonlinear mixing mapping which is assumed to exist and able to be approximated using an RBF network. A contrast function which consists of the mutual information and partial moments of the outputs of the separation system, is defined to separate the nonlinear mixture. The minimization of the contrast function results in the independence of the outputs with desirable moments such that the original sources are separated properly. Two learning algorithms for the parametric RBF network are developed by using the stochastic gradient descent method and an unsupervised clustering method. By virtue of the RBF neural network, this proposed approach takes advantage of high learning convergence rate of weights in the hidden layer and output layer, natural unsupervised learning characteristics, modular structure, and universal approximation capability. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility, robustness, and computability of the proposed method.     

VBA在处理无线基站信息数据中的应用

在实际的电信规划设计工程实践中,经常需要用Excel处理数量庞大的无线基站信息数据,单纯依靠Excel自带的工作表函数往往不能完成数据处理的要求,而利用VBA(VisualbasicforApplication)编写宏却能实现对无线基站信息数据快速高效的处理。本文通过具体实例详细介绍了在Excel2000中用VBA编写宏处理无线基站信息数据的一种应用方法,实践证明应用此法可以大大提高无线基站信息处理的效率。     

一种新的基于构造型RBF神经元网络分类算法

依据RBF神经元模型的几何解释,提出一种新的构造型神经网络分类算法.首先从样本数据本身入手,通过引入一个密度估计函数来对样本数据进行聚类分析;然后在特征空间里构造超球面,以逼近样本点分布的几何轮廓,从而将神经网络训练问题转化为点集＂包含＂问题.该算法有效克服了传统神经网络训练时间长、学习复杂的缺陷,同时也考虑了神经网络规模的优化问题.实验证明了该算法的有效性.     

基于RBF和优化Wiener模型的轴承剩余寿命预测

针对滚动轴承寿命准确预测缺乏表征其健康状态的可靠退化指标的问题,提出径向基(RBF)神经网络及带有漂移参数的维纳(Wiener)模型进行剩余寿命预测.首先,使用小波包奇异谱熵提取轴承振动信号初始特征;其次,利用早期无故障样本特征和失效样本特征训练RBF神经网络模型,将已提取特征全寿命数据输入到RBF神经网络模型,计算隶...     

基于高亮特征匹配的双视向SAR图像建筑物高度提取

由于城区场景的复杂性和SAR成像几何畸变的影响,基于单幅SAR图像的建筑物高度提取常常存在很大困难。针对这一问题,利用建筑物目标SAR成像形成的叠掩、二次散射、较强单次散射等散射机制对应的高亮特征非常典型,并且对方向性敏感的特点,提出了一种基于双视向SAR图像高亮特征与几何模型匹配的建筑物高度提取方法。首先分析了建筑物目标的SAR图像散射特征及对雷达视向的敏感性,然后构造了建筑物目标在双视向SAR图像上高亮特征几何模型,然后基于灰度均值、灰度概率分布、边界信息定义匹配函数,并利用多种群遗传算法进行优化求解,最终得到建筑物目标的高度信息。基于模拟和机载SAR图像的试验表明该方法的建筑物高度平均反演误差小于1m,可以有效提高建筑物高度反演的精度。     

基于PCA和神经网络的农残含量预测模型研究

为提高快速检测农残含量的精度,针对建模数据特征发生明显变化的实际情况,提出了一种结合主成分分析（PCA）和神经网络的分段多模型方法。提取建模数据的前2个主成分作为模型的输入,分别使用主成分回归（PCR）和BP/RBF神经网络建立单一及分段多模型。通过计算模型验证集的输出总误差和误差百分比,对比模型检测精度。试验表明：与单一模型相比,利用神经网络建立的分段多模型可以显著降低农药含量的预测误差,使用BP和RBF网络建立的低浓度段模型的输出误差百分比分别为0.8%和0.4%,RBF网络效果更好。该方法可以在待测农药的较大浓度范围内实现定量检测,具有较强的实用性。     

Locally regularised two-stage learning algorithm for RBF network centre selection

Nonlinear system models constructed from radial basis function (RBF) networks can easily be over-fitted due to the noise on the data. While information criteria, such as the final prediction error (FPE), can provide a trade-off between training error and network complexity, the tunable parameters that penalise a large size of network model are hard to determine and are usually application dependent. This article introduces a new locally regularised, two-stage stepwise construction algorithm for RBF networks. The main objective is to produce a parsimonious network that generalises well over unseen data. This is achieved by utilising Bayesian learning within a two-stage stepwise construction procedure to penalise centres that are mainly interpreted by the noise. Specifically, each output layer weight is assigned a hyperparameter, a large value of such a parameter forcing the associated output layer weight to be near to zero. Sparsity is achieved by removing irrelevant RBF centres from the network. The efficacy of proposed algorithm from the original two-stage construction method is retained. Numerical analysis shows that this new method only needs about half of the computation involved in the locally regularised orthogonal least squares (LROLS) alternative. Results from two simulation examples are presented to show that the nonlinear system models resulting from this new approach are superior in terms of both sparsity and generalisation capability.     

Face recognition with radial basis function (RBF) neural networks

A general and efficient design approach using a radial basis function (RBF) neural classifier to cope with small training sets of high dimension, which is a problem frequently encountered in face recognition, is presented. In order to avoid overfitting and reduce the computational burden, face features are first extracted by the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Then, the resulting features are further processed by the Fisher's linear discriminant (FLD) technique to acquire lower-dimensional discriminant patterns. A novel paradigm is proposed whereby data information is encapsulated in determining the structure and initial parameters of the RBF neural classifier before learning takes place. A hybrid learning algorithm is used to train the RBF neural networks so that the dimension of the search space is drastically reduced in the gradient paradigm. Simulation results conducted on the ORL database show that the system achieves excellent performance both in terms of error rates of classification and learning efficiency.     

基于灰色关联分析与RBF的图像分割算法

传统基于灰色关联分析的图像分割算法存在很多错分、漏分的情况。为此,提出一种基于灰色关联分析和径向基函数(RBF)网络的分割算法。采用量子遗传算法对RBF网络进行优化,通过灰色关联分析提取待处理图像的边缘信息,识别噪声点与非噪声点,以此作为优化后RBF网络的输入,利用该网络良好的逼近能力纠正错分和漏分像素点。实验结果证明,与传统算法相比,该算法的分割效果更优,且能进一步提高抗噪性能。     

Neural network analysis of switchability of microstrip rectangular patch antenna printed on ferrite material

A switchable microstrip rectangular patch antenna printed on ferrite substrate in the X‐band is presented using general artificial neural network (ANN) analysis. The ferrite substrate offers a number of unique radiation characteristics including switchable and polarized radiations from a microstrip antenna with DC magnetic biasing. In such a case, for particular frequency most of the power is converted into magnetostatic waves and little radiates into air. Subsequently, the antenna behaves as switch off, in the sense that it effectively absent as radiator. Both synthesis and analysis are mainly focused on the switchability of antenna. In this work, radial basis function (RBF) networks are used in ANN models. Synthesis is defined as the forward side and then analysis as the reverse side of the problem. Here, the analysis is considered as a final stage of the design procedure, therefore, the parameters of the analysis ANN network are determined by the data obtained reversing the input–output data of the synthesis network. In the RBF network, the spread value was chosen as 0.01, which gives the best accuracy. RBF is tested with 100 sample frequencies but trained only for particular cutoff 15 sample frequencies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.     

Spike sorting based on radial basis function network with overlap decomposition

Spike sorting is the essential step in analyzing recording spike signals for studying information processing mechanisms within the nervous system. Overlapping is one of the most serious problems in the spike sorting for multi-channel recordings. In this paper, a modified radial basis function (RBF) network is proposed to decompose the overlapping signals and separate spikes within the same RBF network. A modified radial basis function based on the Gaussian function is employed in the method to improve the accuracy of overlap decomposition. In addition, the improved constructing algorithm reduces the calculation cost by taking advantage of the symmetry of the RBF network. The performance of the presented method is tested at various signal-to-noise ratio levels based on simulated data coming from the University of Leicester and Wave-clus software. Experiment results show that our method successfully solves the fully overlapping problem and has higher accuracy comparing with the Gaussian function.     

含未知信息的轮式移动机器人编队确定学习控制

本文研究含未知信息的轮式移动机器人(wheeled mobile robots,WMR)的编队控制问题.首先,基于领航–跟随法和虚拟结构法,将WMR编队控制问题转化为跟随机器人对参考虚拟机器人的跟踪控制问题.然后,利用径向基函数神经网络(radial basis function neural networks,RBF NN)对WMR的未知系统动态进行学习,以及根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论设计了稳定的自适应RBF NN控制器和RBF NN权值估计的学习率.依据确定学习理论,闭环系统内部信号在对回归轨迹实现跟踪控制的过程中满足部分持续激励(persistent excitation,PE)条件.随着PE条件的满足,RBF NN权值估计收敛到其理想权值,实现了对未知闭环系统动态的准确学习.最后,利用学习结果设计了RBF NN学习控制器,保证了控制系统的稳定与收敛,实现了闭环稳定性和改进了控制性能,并通过仿真验证了所提控制方法的正确性和有效性.     

基于SVM的旋转机械故障诊断方法

提取时域与频域共20个特征参数作为数据样本,选择适合旋转机械振动信号的径向基函数及相关参数,基于一对多法构造支持向量机(SVM)多类分类器,实现旋转机械滚动轴承的故障诊断。通过对振动信号特征进行训练与测试,并与BP神经网络进行对比结果表明,该SVM多类分类器可较好地解决小样本问题,在训练时间和识别正确率上均优于BP神经网络。     

Evolutionary RBF classifier for polarimetric SAR images

In this paper, a robust radial basis function (RBF) network based classifier is proposed for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The proposed feature extraction process utilizes the covariance matrix elements, the H/α/A decomposition based features combined with the backscattering power (span), and the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) based texture features, which are projected onto a lower dimensional feature space using principal components analysis. For the classifier training, both conventional backpropagation (BP) and multidimensional particle swarm optimization (MD-PSO) based dynamic clustering are explored. By combining complete polarimetric covariance matrix and eigenvalue decomposition based pixel values with textural information (contrast, correlation, energy, and homogeneity) in the feature set, and employing automated evolutionary RBF classifier for the pattern recognition unit, the overall classification performance is shown to be significantly improved. An experimental study is performed using the fully polarimetric San Francisco Bay and Flevoland data sets acquired by the NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Airborne SAR (AIRSAR) at L-band to evaluate the performance of the proposed classifier. Classification results (in terms of confusion matrix, overall accuracy and classification map) compared with the major state of the art algorithms demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed RBF network classifier.     

基于GM(0,N)和RBF的小样本时程数据预测

RBF网络具有良好的非线性函数逼近能力,且收敛速度快,而灰色GM(,)静态模型对小样本线性数据的预0N测精度高,将两者有机结合起来,提出了一种新的小样本数据预测方法,即灰色RBF(GRBF)静态预测法。同时,为了提高RBF网络的预测精度和运算效率,文中采用ROLS和后向选择法来训练网络。将GRBF静态预测方法应用到小样本时程数据的预测中,实验结果表明,此预测方法快捷简便,精度高,具有良好的实用性。     

基于RBF神经网络曲线重构的算法研究

提出一种基于径向基(RBF)函数神经网络的曲线重构学习方法,即由描述物体轮廓特征的样本点作为RBF神经网络的学习样本,利用RBF神经网络强大的函教逼近能力对样本点进行学习和训练,从而仿真出包含这些样本点的原始曲线,同时对于曲线一些样本点缺少的情况下,仍然能构通过调整参数训练得到这些样本点的原始拟和曲线.实验表明,基于径向基(RBF)函数的神经网络具有很强的物体边界描述能力和缺损修复能力.     

增量式遗传RBF神经网络在铁水脱硫预处理中的应用

铁水脱硫预处理过程是一个非常复杂的多元非线性反应过程,针对它提出了基于增量式遗传RBF神经网络的模式识别方法,预测脱硫剂加入量.该算法克服了RBF中心个数选择的随机性,较好地解决了样本聚类.为了保证网络结构能适应不断扩大的数据集,提出了增量数据处理方法,对原有网络参数进行修正,这样就有利于连续生产操作.现场测试结果表明,采用该算法后结果的误差较小,满足了终点命中率在90% 以上的指标,提高了经济效益,这说明该算法具有工程实用性.