低温EGSB反应器运行机理

为研究对低温EGSB反应器的运行机理,考察温度和液体上升流速(Vup)对EGSB反应器处理低浓度啤酒废水时运行效果和污泥产甲烷活性的影响,分析不同温度和Vup时EGSB反应器内速率常数K和活化能E的变化.结果表明:温度降低,污泥产甲烷活性明显降低,COD去除率也相应降低.EGSB反应器在35℃、15℃(与35℃时同样的Vup)和15℃(提高Vup至最佳)时K分别为0.391×103d-1、0.107×103d-1和0.254×103d-1.低温EGSB反应器提高Vup前后E分别为4.897×104J/mol和1.197×104J/mol.温度降低使得EGSB反应器内污泥活性和COD去除率降低,K明显降低,但Vup的提高却能显著提高K,减小E,使EGSB反应器在15℃低温下仍能保持高处理率.     

接种污泥对产氢颗粒污泥形成的影响

采用两个平行的颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器(EGSB),控制温度为(35±0.5)℃,逐步提高进水容积负荷,分别研究接种污泥对产氢速率、颗粒粒径分布变化、液相末端产物和启动末期系统参数的影响.结果表明,采用缺氧污泥混合厌氧污泥进行接种的反应器比直接采用产甲烷颗粒污泥粉碎后接种的反应器更易形成颗粒污泥.在启动末期,前者的平均颗粒粒径为后者的1.25倍,产氢速率是后者的1.23倍.两个反应器都形成了乙醇型发酵,说明发酵类型的形成不受接种污泥影响.启动末期系统的pH值分别为3.9～4.3和4.0～4.4,混合污泥接种反应器的挥发性悬浮固体质量浓度为27.2g/L,厌氧污泥接种反应器的挥发性悬浮固体质量浓度为24.1g/L.相比厌氧污泥接种的反应器,混合污泥接种能更快速培养颗粒污泥,并且反应系统产氢速率高,耐酸性更好,生物持有量大,有利于生物制氢系统高效产氢和稳定运行.     

好氧颗粒污泥形成机理及其去污效果

在2个相同的序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中利用不同机理,以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,培养出了2种性质不同的好氧颗粒污泥.R1反应器利用丝状菌假说,得到SVI值为35~45mL/g、粒径分布在2.0~4.0mm之间的好氧颗粒污泥;R2反应器利用胞外多聚物(EPS)假说,得到SVI值为30mL/g、粒径分布在1.0~1.6mm之间的好氧颗粒污泥.结果表明:两者对污染物有良好的去处效果,COD去除率都达到了95%以上,TN的去除率也分别达到60%和50%.     

厌氧颗粒污泥的快速培养和特征分析

培养厌氧颗粒污泥的自制反应器进水为养猪废水,进行不同惰性载体对厌氧颗粒污泥形成影响的对比实验。结果表明,添加大孔型阳离子交换树脂的反应器培养时间为39d,COD去除率达到80%,并出现粒径为2.50~3.00mm的大颗粒污泥,产甲烷量为9.75mL CH4·（gVSS·d）-1,与添加聚合铝和粉煤灰的反应器相比,产甲烷菌活性显著强;添加惰性载体与未添加载体反应器相比,培养时间缩短20%~45%,厌氧颗粒污泥活性相差14.00%±0.10%;参考Richards模型进行产甲烷量和反应器培养过程中出水COD建模,发现实验数据和模型数据对比偏差在0.50%±0.01%。     

外循环厌氧反应器的快速启动

工程运行试验研究EC厌氧反应器处理啤酒废水启动过程中的运行效能、稳定性以及内部的污泥分布情况,分析颗粒污泥形成的关键因素.运行第95d,进水有机负荷达到8.5kg/(m3·d),COD去除率达80%,出水COD低于400mg/L;在系统1.2m和4m处污泥中均出现粒径为0.5～1.0mm左右的颗粒污泥.结果表明,EC厌氧反应器处理低质量浓度、大流量的啤酒废水采用间歇-连续快速启动方式是可行的,并且上升流速在2.5～5.0m/h有利于颗粒污泥的快速形成.研究证实EC厌氧反应器处理啤酒废水能够实现稳定、高效地启动运行.     

发酵种泥的投加对新鲜剩余污泥发酵产酸的影响

为进一步提高剩余污泥厌氧发酵产短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的效率,将p H=10下长期(90 d)厌氧发酵的种泥接入至新鲜剩余污泥考察其对新鲜剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸的影响.实验在2种p H条件下进行:不控制p H(p H=7.4±0.2),一组反应器中投加新鲜剩余污泥,并接种厌氧发酵种泥,另一组反应器只投加新鲜剩余污泥;控制p H为碱性(p H=10±0.2),一组反应器中投加新鲜剩余污泥,并接种厌氧发酵种泥,另一组反应器只投加新鲜剩余污泥.结果表明:相同p H条件下,接种厌氧发酵种泥反应器中的最大产酸量较不接种分别提高4.9(p H=7.4±0.2)和16.4 mg/g VSS(以COD计)(p H=10±0.2);同时接种发酵污泥、剩余污泥在p H=10±0.2下的最大产酸量较p H=7.4±0.2下的最大产酸量高146.2 mg/g VSS;碱性条件、不接种发酵种泥的产酸量较不控制p H、接种发酵种泥的高129.8 mg/g VSS.投加发酵种泥可提高新鲜剩余污泥厌氧发酵过程中SCFAs的产生效率;碱性条件与厌氧发酵种泥对新鲜剩余污泥发酵产酸具有协同促进作用;与接种发酵种泥相比,碱性条件对新鲜剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸促进能力高.     

底物种类和浓度对好氧颗粒污泥丝状菌膨胀的影响

在序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)内以蔗糖为底物培养好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granularsludge,AGS),考察了底物种类和浓度对AGS培养和稳定维持的影响.在反应器运行的最初阶段,以蔗糖为唯一碳源,进水ρ(COD)为600~900 mg/L,10 d后形成了结构较为密实的AGS,平均粒径为1.15±0.14 mm,污泥指数SVI在90 mL/g左右;AGS稳定维持23 d后,ρ(COD)由900 mg/L增加到1 200 mg/L,AGS表面出现了大量丝状菌,AGS平均丝状化程度Δ值最大达到了1.69±0.23 mm,SVI增加至175 mL/g.为克服AGS丝状菌膨胀,以蔗糖+蛋白胨(1∶1)的混合底物代替单一底物,AGS表面的丝状菌逐渐减少,34 d后AGS表面"光滑",AGS丝状菌膨胀得到抑制,Δ值逐步下降至1.00±0.01 mm.ρ(COD)从600 mg/L增加至1 200 mg/L,AGS依旧保持稳定,未出现丝状菌大量繁殖的现象.本研究表明,单一底物培养AGS在负荷较高时容易出现丝状菌膨胀,而混合底物可以抑制AGS丝状菌膨胀,有利于AGS的稳定维持.     

Performance of the Full-scale Loop Hybrid Reactor Treating Coal[KH-*1] Gasification Wastewater under Different Recirculation Modes

This paper aims to investigate the simultaneous removal efficiencies of both COD and nitrogen in a single reactor treating coal gasification wastewater (CGW). A novel loop hybrid reactor was developed and operated under different recirculation modes in order to achieve simultaneous removal of refractory compounds and total nitrogen (TN) in a full-scale CGW treatment plant. Mid-ditch recirculation was superior to other operational modes in terms of the NH₃-N and TN removal, resulting in a TN removal efficiency of 52.3%. Although the system achieved equal COD removal rates under different recirculation modes, hydrophobic acid (HPO-A) fraction of effluent dissolved organic matter (DOMef) in mid-ditch recirculation mode accounted for 35.7%, compared to the proportions of 59.2%, 45.3% and 39.4% for the other modes. The ultraviolet absorbance to dissolved organic carbon ratio test revealed that effluent under mid-ditch recirculation mode contained more non-aromatic hydrophilic components. Furthermore, appropriate recirculation and anoxic/oxic (A/O) partitions were also demonstrated to remove some refractory metabolites (phenols, alkanes, aniline, etc.), which reduced the chromaticity and improved the biodegradability.     

Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Operation of EGSB

An expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was adopted to study the dissolved oxygen (DO) effect on the operation. With the chemical oxygen demand (COD) 800-1 800 mg/L, pH 6.0-7.3, volume loading rate (VLR) 5.4-11.5 kg COD/(m3·d), the operational behaviors of EGSB reactor was researched. And the max DO concentration which influenced steady operation of EGSB reactor was determined by contrasting the changes due to different concentrations of the influent DO. With the COD 1 200-2 000 mg/L, VLR 7.2-12.0 kg COD/(m3·d), the operational characteristic of EGSB reactor was researched by aerating the recycle effluent. The results was: when the DO concentration of influent was under 3.0 mg/L, the removal efficiency of COD was 82%-90% and the operation of the EGSB reactor was steady; when the DO concentration of influent was over 3.0 mg/L, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) fluctuated greatly and the operation of the EGSB reactor was instable; the acidified wastewater of saccharide whose pH value was 5.1-6.5 could be treated by aerating the recycle effluent and the efficiency of COD was up to 85%-92%.     

厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床废水处理技术研究与应用现状

本文介绍厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床通过增大反应器的高径比和采用出水回流技术,使反应器内的水力上升流速远远高于UASB反应器,强化了传质效果,提高了处理效率的结构特性及其优势,以及厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床的启动、在生活污水和工业废水处理中的研究应用概况,同时对研究与应用的前景提出了看法．     

Performance of the Full-scale Loop Hybrid Reactor Treating Coal Gasification Wastewater under Different Recirculation Modes

This paper aims to investigate the simultaneous removal efficiencies of both COD and nitrogen in a single reactor treating coal gasification wastewater( CGW). A novel loop hybrid reactor was developed and operated under different recirculation modes in order to achieve simultaneous removal of refractory compounds and total nitrogen( TN) in a full-scale CGW treatment plant. Mid-ditch recirculation was superior to other operational modes in terms of the NH3-N and TN removal,resulting in a TN removal efficiency of 52. 3%.Although the system achieved equal COD removal rates under different recirculation modes,hydrophobic acid( HPO-A) fraction of effluent dissolved organic matter( DOMef) in mid-ditch recirculation mode accounted for35.7%,compared to the proportions of 59. 2%,45. 3% and 39. 4% for the other modes. The ultraviolet absorbance to dissolved organic carbon ratio test revealed that effluent under mid-ditch recirculation mode contained more non-aromatic hydrophilic components. Furthermore,appropriate recirculation and anoxic / oxic( A/O) partitions were also demonstrated to remove some refractory metabolites( phenols,alkanes,aniline,etc.),which reduced the chromaticity and improved the biodegradability.     

Hydrogen energy recovery from high strength organic wastewater with ethanol type fermentation using acidogenic EGSB reactor

The increase of global pollution and the depletionof fossil fuel reserves make research concerning alterna-tive energy resources a priority.One environmentallyacceptable,alternative energy carrier,which could ini-tially supplement or even substitute fossil fuel,is mo-lecular hydrogen,H2[1].At present,hydrogen gas ismainly produced from fossil fuels[2],which cause thegreen house effect,so alternative routes of hydrogenprod-uction that are cost effective and pollution free arestill in demand.Con…     

污泥低温驯化及其对农村生活污水处理效果的研究

我国北方地区农村生活污水处理受低温影响严重。为解决此问题,通过低温驯化得到在8℃下对污水有较好处理效果的活性污泥,并对其污水处理效果进行分析。结果表明,用干重浓度为3.4 g?L-1的已驯化污泥对农村生活污水进行处理时,COD去除率最高为84.97%,出水COD最低为89.51mg?L-1,达到农田灌溉水质标准（GB 5084-2005）的最短处理时间为8d。与非驯化的污泥相比,驯化后活性污泥对污水的COD去除率提高了23.14%,这为北方地区农村生活污水处理提供了良好的技术支持。     

生产性厌氧复合床反应器处理酒精废水的启动研究

以河南某酒精厂的高浓度废水处理工程为对象深入研究厌氧复合床(UBF)反应器的启动过程.废水水质CODcr为12 000~15 000 mg/L;BOD5为6 000~8 000 mg/L;pH3.7~5.0.本次启动研究了反应器内COD去除情况、pH变化、颗粒污泥形成、填料的作用等内容,共历时5个月.启动完成并进入稳定运行期后,出水COD去除率为90%以上、pH值保持在6.6~7.8,并形成沉淀性能良好、具有一定机械强度、粒径为1~4mm的颗粒污泥.     

两种不同运行方式下好氧颗粒污泥培养及污染物去除性能对比研究

为了解决单一负荷或逐步提高负荷下培养颗粒污泥所需时间较长、污染物去除不稳定的问题,本文提出采用交替改变进水碳氮负荷方式,研究好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)形成过程及污染物去除效果。通过设计进水/曝气/沉淀/排水（S1反应器）和进水/曝气/停曝/曝气/停曝/曝气/沉淀/排水（S2反应器）两种运行方式培养好氧颗粒污泥,对比分析颗粒污泥形成过程中污泥形态变化、污泥沉降性能及对污染物去除情况。结果表明,S1反应器在第84天、S2反应器在第78天均可形成平均粒径为0.5mm的颗粒污泥,第115d时两个反应器内颗粒污泥的平均粒径分别为0.85mm、0.97mm。S1、S2反应器内的MLSS、SVI的质量浓度分别达到了4.94g/L-1、5.895g·L-1和80mL/g、46mL/g,S2运行方式下,形成的颗粒污泥更有利于微生物的生长,使反应器内维持较高的生物量且沉降性能更优。两种运行模式下COD、NH4+-N的去除效果变化甚微,TN、PO43--P去除效果差异较明显。S1运行方式下COD、NH4+-N、TN、PO43--P去除率分别为90.0%、99.7%、74.5%和85.0%,S2运行方式下COD、NH4+-N、TN、PO43--P去除率分别为94.0%、99.9%、94.4%和95.0%,与前者相比COD、NH4+-N、TN、PO43--P去除率分别增加了4.0%、0.2%、19.9%和10.0%。因此,进水碳氮负荷同步交替变化-进水/曝气/停曝/曝气/停曝/曝气/沉淀/排水方式可在更短的时间内培养出粒径更大、污染物去除性能更优的好氧颗粒污泥。     

Shut-cut nitrification characteristics of aerobic granule in a sequencing batch airlift reactor at low temperature

To investigate the shut-cut nitrification characteristics of aerobic granule,an aerobic granular sequencing batch airlift reactor(AG-SBAR) was carried out with mixed carbon sources of sodium acetate and glucose at 10±1 ℃.Results indicated that ammonia oxidizing bacteria was accumulated inside the aerobic granules and the reactor performed stably with shut-cut nitrification for a long term at low temperature.During the stable operation period,the effluent ammonia nitrogen concentration was maintained at 13.6 mg/L without nitrate and nitrite when the COD/N ratio was 20:1.However,the effluent concentration of ammonia nitrogen was below 0.5 mg/L with effluent nitrosation ratio of 96.7% on average when the COD/N ratio was reduced to 15:1 and 10:1.And the effluent phosphorus concentration was less than 0.4 mg/L during the stable period with the sludge retention time of 30 d.The phosphorus removal efficiency was not strongly influenced by the adjustment of COD/N ratio in this experiment.The removal efficiencies for COD,NH4+-N and PO43--P were 91.3%-94.6%,97.9%-99.7% and 97.1%-99.5%,respectively.     

UASB-A/O处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液同步除有机物脱氮长期稳定性试验研究

采用升流式厌氧污泥床-缺氧/好氧(UASB-A/O)生化系统处理城市垃圾渗滤液,考察系统除有机物脱氮效能及低温条件下A/O的硝化特性.623 d试验结果表明:通过UASB反应器内厌氧菌的产甲烷作用和异养菌的反硝化作用,耦合A/O系统内的缺氧反硝化和好氧生物降解机制,实现了渗滤液内有机物和氮同步深度去除.在进水渗滤液内化学需氧量质量浓度ρ(COD)为1 237~13 813 mg/L,平均值为(5 640±2 567)mg/L,UASB-A/O系统出水ρ(COD)为280~1 257 mg/L,平均值为(546±285)mg/L.在进水渗滤液内氨氮质量浓度ρ(NH_4~+-N)为148~2414 mg/L,平均值为(1 381±634)mg/L,UASB-A/O系统出水ρ(NH_4~+-N)均低于50 mg/L.整个实验过程中,A/O反应器克服了季节性温度变化的不利影响,始终维持了高效的生物硝化和反硝化.即使在冬季低于15℃温度条件下,A/O系统内的生物脱氮效率仍然维持在90%以上.     

交替好氧缺氧短程硝化及其特性

为了完善交替好氧缺氧短程硝化研究,以低ρ(COD)/ρ(TN)实际生活污水为研究对象,采用2组SBR反应器,考察了交替好氧缺氧短程硝化的实现及其特性.结果表明:在温度(24±2)℃、污泥龄为35 d且不限制溶解氧的条件下,以不同的好氧缺氧时间比运行的2组反应器均实现了稳定的短程硝化,出水的亚硝酸盐积累率达90%以上,氨氮质量浓度接近0 mg/L,硝酸盐质量浓度在2 mg/L以下;以交替好氧缺氧模式运行200 d后,2组反应器比氨氧化速率分别是普通好氧缺氧模式的2倍和1.8倍,在不影响出水水质的情况下,显著减少了曝气时间,降低了曝气能耗;交替模式运行的反应器污染物去除效果良好,氨氮去除率达100%,COD去除率在80%左右,TN去除率高于普通好氧缺氧模式的去除率,达70%.     

Influence of external circulation on sludge characteristics during start-up of internal circulation reactor

1INTRODUCTION Internalcirculation(IC)reactor,oneofthemosteffectiveanaerobicbioreactors,hasbeen widelyusedtotreatvariousindustrialeffluentsbe causeofitshighloadingrate,considerablefeasibil ity,robustresistancetooutsideaccidentsandrela tivelylowinvestmentcost,comparedtothetradi tionalupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket(UASB)re actor[110].However,ICreactoralsoappearstobesimilartootheranaerobicapparatusinatime con sumingandunstablestart upphase[1013].Thisis becauseduringtheinitialstageofstart upt…     

IC-ALR工艺处理去油脂泔水实验

采用IC-ALR的新型工艺处理含有大量蛋白质、碳水化合物的去油脂泔水。结果表明,在适应期采用快速提升负荷的方式有利于提高污泥的活性,加速污泥颗粒化;稳定运行期,当进水有机浓度达到22.4 g/L时,COD去除率高达91.7%,出水中9.2~10.1 mmol/L的VFA含量不会影响IC的稳定运行。利用ALR处理IC厌氧消化液,当进水COD和NH3-N浓度分别达到1 850和420 mg/L时,ALR反应器能够去除进水中75%的COD和91%的氨氮,出水COD和NH3-N浓度分别为420和40 mg/L。