多氯联苯在土壤水环境中生物降解过程规律研究

土壤水环境中的有机污染物多氯联苯(PCB)可以采用土地生物处理的方法进行降解，在综合考虑土壤水环境系统中有机污染物生物降解各分过程的基础上所建立的数学模型，可以预测降解PCB所需的时间、降解程度以及降解结束后被土壤所屏蔽的PCB的量。数学模型通过美国Alcoa公司在LTU基地的大型土地生物处理工程得到了验证。利用数学模型和理论分析，预测了2，3，4和5-Cl-PCB的土地生物处理过程及规律。     

河流泥沙与污染物相互作用数学模型

本文分析了水流-泥沙-污染物系统中主要物理化学过程对水体污染物的影响，以此为基础推导了描述吸附态、溶解态污染物迁移转化的基本方程。对于河床水体之间泥沙交换产生的环境变化，建立了泥沙冲淤对污染物影响的表达式，对于吸附解吸作用则采用以实验为基础的泥沙吸附动力学模式。根据三峡地区实测水沙、水质数据对模型进行了验证，研究结果表明，模型能够模拟泥沙冲淤过程中污染物的交换，并且可以反映泥沙吸附作用对水环境的动态影响，可以应用于河流及水库泥沙污染物相互作用的模拟和分析。     

室内滴灌施药条件下阿特拉津在土壤中运移规律的研究Ⅰ：物理模拟与参数确定

利用滴灌系统施用农药可以将农药直接作用到植物根区，这是节水农业和生态农业中一种先进的灌溉施药方法。本文详细地描述了在实验室内开展的滴灌施用除草剂-阿特拉津在土壤中运移的物理模拟实验，介绍了采用批量平衡技术和批培养方法获得阿特拉津在供试土壤中吸附特性参数和降解速率常数的实验步骤，给出了根据Freundlich吸附等温线和一级动力学方程对实验数据的拟合结果。此外，由土壤干容重及吸管法求得的土壤质地，利用土壤传递函数间接求取了van Genuchten型水力学参数，并由易混合置换实验得到了溶质运移的弥散度。本文的研究成果为进一步开展滴灌施用阿特拉律在土壤中运移规律的数值分析奠定了基础。     

土-水系统中氮污染的影响因素分析与调控

根据已测定的土-水系统反应动力参数和动力学参数,确定了土壤的物理性质和化学性质,建立了研究区典型剖面上的水量-水质耦合模型,采用数值分析方法,模拟不同土壤在不同条件下水分和氮污染物的迁移、分布和转化规律,对参数进行调整,可以分析不同影响因素对土-水系统中氮污染的影响程度,从而提出合适的调控方案.     

粉煤灰水在土壤包气带中的垂直迁移规律

以太原二电厂阳坡沟粉煤灰场为例,建立灰水中污染物在土壤包气带的垂直迁移规律模型。通过数值计算可知,灰水污染物F-和As垂直入渗到达含水层中的浓度与包气带土壤渗透系数、吸附分配系数的关系均呈线性关系,灰水污染物F-到达含水层时的浓度与包气带土壤厚度的关系呈线性关系,污染物As的浓度与包气带土壤厚度的关系呈多项式曲线关系。     

一个改进的随机动力学水平衡模型及其应用研究Ⅱ。应用

本文用黄土高原长武农业生态试验站的冬小麦长期定位试验资料对改进的随机动力学水平衡模型进行了准确性检验。从模型对参数反映的敏感性分析和模型计算值与数值模型WAVES的比较，以及模型对黄土区旱作高生产力的水分环境效应的评价结果，均证明改进的随机动力学水平衡模型能比较准确地预测一定生产力水平、特定生态系统平衡体系水均衡要素的定量分配和土壤含水量的动态变化。     

基于未确知数的湖库水环境容量定量研究

同其它环境系统一样，湖泊水库也是一个具有未确知性的复杂系统。基于这一特征，本文将未确知数理论引入湖库水环境容量计算。在将湖库水环境系统参数，如水深、污染物浓度、污染物降解系数以及水体容积等定义为未确知参数的基础上，建立了湖库水环境容量计算未确知模型。根据该模型，不仅可以得到湖库纳污能力的各种可能区间值，也可以得到各区间值对应的可信度水平（或频率），弥补了传统确定性模型和随机模型的不足。作为案例，将上述未确知模型用于浅水湖泊水环境容量计算，取得较好效果，证明了模型的科学性和合理性。     

氯酚类有机污染物的生物降解研究进展

从氯酚类污染物的浓度、结构及环境因素等方面叙述了氯酚类物质的生物降解性。综述了目前国内外生物降解氯酚的微生物种类,从好氧生物降解、厌氧生物降解、厌氧好氧协同降解、共代谢降解等几个方面分析了当前微生物降解氯酚类有机污染物的一些降解机理,对今后微生物降解氯酚类有机污染物的研究方向进行了展望。     

含沙量对水体耗氧有机污染物降解耗氧影响

在泥沙存在情况下,水体中的耗氧有机污染物的降解耗氧规律与清水中有很大的差异。从水体耗氧有机物降解反应动力学和溶解氧反应动力学方程出发,考虑泥沙对耗氧有机污染物降解的影响,得出了耗氧有机物降解过程耗氧量随时间变化表达式。通过室内实验研究了含沙量对耗氧有机污染物的耗氧规律的影响,利用耗氧量随时间表达式对实验数据进行分析,得出了泥沙影响下的耗氧有机污染物耗氧速率常数与含沙量的一般规律。结果表明,泥沙对耗氧有机污染物降解耗氧过程符合一级动力学反应,且耗氧速率常数随含沙量的增大而增大,由泥沙存在引起的溶解氧衰减速率常数与含沙量之间存在非线线的函数关系。     

龙南油田水环境中石油类污染物迁移数学模拟

油田开发建设工程水环境影响评价的评价因子包括多项，而石油类污染物往往是油田开发建设工程环境影响的典型污染物，也是最重要的污染物。分析了大庆市龙南油田开发建设工程对水环境的污染来源及污染途径．针对本油田工程工艺分析的特点，建立了石油类污染物在水环境中迁移、转化的教学模型并利用解析方法和数值方法进行了模拟，从而为油田开发建设工程环境影响评价提供了重要依据。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。