一种SGLT1/2抑制剂的合成工艺

阐述了一种SGLT1/2抑制剂1,6-脱水-1-C-[4-氯-3-[(4-三氟甲氧基苯基)甲基]苯基]-5-C-(羟甲基)-β-L-艾杜吡喃糖(1)的合成方法。该方法以[(3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-三苄氧基-6-[4-氯-3-[[4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基]甲基]苯基]-2-羟甲基-6-甲氧基-四氢吡喃-2-基]甲醇(2)为原料,经过成环反应得到[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4-三苄氧基-5-[4-氯-3-[[4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基]甲基]苯基]-6,8-二氧杂双环并[3.2.1]辛烷-1-基]甲醇(3),化合物3经过氢化脱苄得到化合物(1)。该工艺路线操作简单,可操作性强,副反应少,反应收率高,适合工业化生产。     

瑞舒伐他汀钙有关物质的合成

为了控制降血脂药瑞舒伐他汀钙产品质量,以瑞舒伐他汀酸为原料合成了双-[E-7-[4-(4-氟基苯基)-6-异丙基-2-[甲基(甲磺酰基)氨基]-嘧啶-5-基]-(3S,5S)-3,5-二羟基庚-6-烯酸]钙盐(A)(非对映异构体)和N-(4-(4-氟苯基)-5-(2-((2S,4R)-4-羟基-6-氧代四氢吡喃-2-基)乙烯基)-6-异丙基嘧啶-2-基)-N-甲基甲磺酰胺(B)(内酯),其中有关物质A的合成路线涉及构型翻转,未见报道。又按照全合成的路线合成了双-[E-7-[4-(4-氟基苯基)-6-异丙基-2-[甲基(甲磺酰基)氨基]-嘧啶-5-基]-(3S,5R)-3,5-二羟基庚-6-烯酸]钙盐(C)(对映异构体),并经1HNMR和ESI-MS确证结构。这些有关物质的合成可作为瑞舒伐他汀钙质量控制中的杂质对照,从而对杂质进行准确地定量、定性分析。     

苯并呋喃药物及其中间体的制备

苯并呋喃药物(citalopram)1-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-1-(4-氟苯基)-1,3-二氢-5-异苯并呋喃腈或1-(4 氟苯基)-1-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-5-苯并二氢化呋喃腈(I)及其中间体的制备方法和具体操作如下:     

依替米贝合成新工艺的研究

依替米贝(Ezetimibe)是一种新型选择性胆固醇吸收抑制剂,在参考相关文献的基础上,以4-羟基苯甲醛、4-氟苯胺和氯化苄为原料一步合成得到N-(4-氟苯基)-4-苄氧基苯亚甲胺(化合物2),4-(4-氟苯甲酰基)丁酸与特戊酰氯反应成混酐后在氯化锂存在下直接和(S)-4-苯基-噁唑烷酮反应再经过CBS/BH3体系还原得到(4S)-3-[(5S)-5-(4-氟苯基)-5-羟基-1-氧代戊基]-4-苯基-2-噁唑烷酮(化合物4),经三甲基硅烷基保护羟基后直接和化合物2在TiCl2(OiPr)2催化下缩合后经三水合四丁基氟化铵催化环合和Pa/C催化氢化脱保护制得,总收率92.4%×91.6%×77.7%×85.3%=56%。最终产品和部分中间体经过熔点、MS和1H-NMR测定。该工艺路线不仅减少了关键原料的使用,提高了收率,同时也增强了有羟基保护基的中间体的稳定性,简化了反应操作,更加易于工业化。     

3H—1，2，3—三唑—5—酰胺的制备

3H-1,2,3-三唑-5-酰胺如4-(3,5-双叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)-3H-1,2,3-三唑-N-甲基-5-酰胺是医药(参见U.S.5,523,310)中间体。合成方法和具体操作如下:     

三（全氟苯基）对羟基苯基硼酸三乙铵的合成与单晶结构

采用三(五氟苯基)硼烷与4-[叔丁基二(甲基)硅氧基]苯基溴化镁格氏试剂反应,再经三乙胺三氢氟酸-四氢呋喃溶液反应脱除保护基,得到(对羟基苯基)三(五氟苯基)硼酸三乙铵(a),在n(4-TBDMSO-C6H4MgBr)/n〔(C6F5)3B〕、n(NEt3.HCl)/n〔(C6F5)3B〕、n(NEt3.3HF)/n〔(C6F5)3B〕分别为3∶1、5.7∶1、1.3∶1的工艺条件下,所得产品质量分数达99.2%,基于三(五氟苯基)硼烷的收率达54.2%,并首次得到该化合物的单晶,X射线单晶结构分析表明,该化合物属正交晶系,Pbca空间群。     

当今热点农药的含氟中间体开发

叙述近年来国内外发展的新农药如氟虫腈、溴虫腈、七氟菊酯、四氟苯菊酯、氯氟吡氧乙酸、吡氟禾草灵等相关的含氟中间体的开发,包括对-三氟甲基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯肼、3,5-二氯-4-氨基-6-氟吡啶酚、2,3,5,6-四氟苄醇、2,3,5,6-四氟-4-甲基苄醇、2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶、2.3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和2-(对氯苯基)-5-(三氟甲基)吡咯-3-腈等     

一种新型3-芳基咪唑卡宾前体的合成

以3,5-二三氟甲基苯胺、乙二醛、甲醛、氯化铵和氯化苄或1-溴癸烷为原料,经缩合、亲核取代反应得到氯化1-苄基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑盐和溴化1-癸基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑盐,收率分别达59.0%和76.6%;通过氯化1-苄基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑盐和溴化1-癸基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑盐的阴离子交换反应得到4种目标产物:1-苄基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑四氟硼酸盐、1-癸基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑四氟硼酸盐、1-苄基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和1-癸基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑六氟磷酸盐,产物结构通过1HNMR、13CNMR得以确认。考察了溶剂对亲核取代反应的影响,得出最佳反应溶剂为甲苯。     

2,2-二(3-氨基-4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷的合成

以2,2-二(4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷为原料,分别经硝化和还原反应合成出2,2-二(3-氨基-4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷。并在实验室小试成功后,进行工厂中试研究,以确定中试的各个工艺参数。结果表明,对于第1步硝化反应,以乙醇做溶剂,用量为n(乙醇)/n〔2,2-二(4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷〕=4,n(稀硝酸)/n〔2,2-二(4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷〕=2.15,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为6 h的条件下,合成2,2-二(3-硝基-4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷的产率达到最高值96%。对于第2步还原反应,采用自制FeCl3/活性炭为催化剂,乙醇做溶剂,n(水合肼)/n〔2,2-二(3-硝基-4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷〕=0.2,m(FeCl3/活性炭)/m〔2,2-二(3-硝基4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷〕=0.05,反应温度为85℃,反应时间为10 h的条件下,合成2,2-二(3-氨基-4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷的产率达到最高值92%。该工艺条件在工厂已进行了中试研究,确定了工业实验的各个工艺参数和工艺条件。     

阿瑞匹坦的合成研究

以(2S,3R)-4-苄基-3-(4-氟苯基)-吗啉-2-醇、(R)-1-[3,5-二(三氟甲基)苯基]乙醇、5-氯甲基-2,4-二氢-[1,2,4]三唑-3-酮为主要原料,经5步反应合成阿瑞匹坦,总收率为23.90%。采用元素分析和1H-NMR分析技术,对产物的分子结构进行了表征。该路线操作简便,反应条件温和,适合工业化生产。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.