氮离子注入9Cr18Mo不锈钢的表面结构与力学性能

针对9Cr18Mo马氏体不锈钢,检测了氮离子注入前后表面纳米硬度和摩擦磨损性能,分析了注入后9Cr18Mo钢的表面组织结构和化学组成.结果显示,氮离子注入有效提高了材料的表面硬度,降低了摩擦系数和磨损的同时,没有改变材料表面形貌和粗糙度.表面氮注入层分为两层:表面20 nm深度内除金属氮化物及氮过饱和固溶体强化相外,还富集大量碳原子,其主要存在方式为CrxCy相;次表面层主要为金属氮化物.氮离子注入后9Cr18Mo不锈钢表面形成的新的组织结构是其具有良好力学性能的根本原因.     

高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢的力学性能及析出相

通过对高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢(0Cr25Ni2Mn17Mo1NbN)进行1100℃固溶处理,水冷,利用万能拉伸试验机测试其力学性能并和316L奥氏体不锈钢进行对比。将高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢在不同温度(700、750、800℃)时效2 h,利用光学显微镜和洛氏硬度计,观察不同温度下时效2 h试验钢的析出状况和试验钢的硬度,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜来观察和分析试验钢800℃析出物的形貌及种类。试验结果表明,高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢在1100℃固溶处理后有良好的力学性能,高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢在800℃大量析出相为σ相,其次是Cr2N,伴有少量Cr23C6析出,还有微量Nb(C,N)析出。析出相形态有胞状、短棒状和片状布满整个基体。试验钢时效后的硬度值要比时效前(固溶态)的硬度值高,且试样随时效温度升高其硬度值呈现上升趋势。     

0Cr21Mn17Mo2NbN奥氏体不锈钢等温时效研究

对0Cr21Mn17Mo2Nb N高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢进行1140℃固溶处理,水淬冷却,然后在800℃进行不同保温时间的时效处理,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和洛氏硬度计来观察等温时效下实验钢的析出状况以及实验钢的硬度。实验结果表明,随800℃等温时间的延长,Cr2N不断以粒状、短棒状、片层状形式析出;时效时间不断延长,氮化物的析出伴随有σ相析出;由于时效过程中Cr2N的长大和σ相的析出,硬度总体呈现先上升后下降再接着上升的状态。     

10Cr12Ni3Mo2VN马氏体耐热钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为

通过在不同加热温度和保温时间下等温奥氏体化,研究了10Cr12Ni3Mo2VN马氏体耐热钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为。结果表明:900~1150℃温度区间内,10Cr12Ni3Mo2VN马氏体耐热钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高、保温时间延长而增大,且随保温时间延长,晶粒尺寸均匀性下降;由于碳氮化物在1100℃以上发生溶解,1100℃以上奥氏体晶粒发生粗化;1200~1280℃温度区间内,由于δ铁素体相的析出,10Cr12Ni3Mo2VN马氏体耐热钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高而减小。拟合得到900~1150℃温度区间内10Cr12Ni3Mo2VN钢奥氏体晶粒生长模型为D=6.67×107×t0.303×exp(-1.81×105/RT)。     

高能球磨和冷压烧结制备Cr-Mn-Mo-N无镍不锈钢

采用高能球磨结合高温渗氮方法制备了Cr18Mn12Mo3N无镍高氮不锈钢粉末,随后利用冷压烧结工艺获得了无镍高氮奥氏体不锈钢材料。结果表明：制备的高氮复合粉末近球形,具有良好的成形性;Cr18Mn12Mo3N不锈钢的最佳烧结温度为1250℃,相对密度达到97．1％,氮含量为0．79％（质量分数）;经过1150℃固溶处理水冷后能获得完全奥氏体组织,其钝化电位范围宽,点蚀电位高,抗点蚀性能显著优于316L不锈钢。     

形变诱发纳米孪晶对0Cr22Mn17MoNbN钢的强化作用

以0Cr22Mn17MoNbN高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢为试验材料,研究了其不同压缩量冷变形后的显微组织及拉伸性能.结果表明,试验钢在固溶处理状态下为单相奥氏体组织,奥氏体晶内存在大量退火孪晶.经压缩冷变形后,晶粒及晶内孪晶结构明显细化,形成了层状高密度纳米孪晶,材料表现出非常高的强韧性.     

氮含量对超细晶奥氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

通过机械合金化和放电等离子烧结技术制备超细晶奥氏体不锈钢,分析其组织与性能,研究了氮含量对该不锈钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随氮含量的增加,烧结试样中马氏体越来越少。氮具有稳定奥氏体的作用,当氮含量为1.2%时,试样基体转化为单一奥氏体相。制得试样晶粒均细小且均匀,尺寸都达到纳米级,氮含量为1.2%的试样,晶粒尺寸最小,只有100 nm。表明采用机械合金化方法结合等离子烧结技术成功制备了纳米级奥氏体不锈钢。氮的加入还能显著提高奥氏体不锈钢的硬度、耐磨性和抗拉强度。     

表面纳米化对304不锈钢/CrN薄膜力学性能的影响

表面纳米化可以显著改善金属材料的表面力学性能,并促进氮、铬等原子的热扩散,文中尝试采用表面纳米化技术改善金属基体/硬质薄膜的力学性能.对304不锈钢采用表面机械研磨处理获得纳米晶粒表层,采用多弧离子镀镀方法在表面纳米化和粗晶粒的304不锈钢基体上沉积CrN薄膜.对两种膜基体系采用X射线衍射、显微硬度测试、压入法和划痕法膜基结合性能评价.结果表明,表面纳米化影响了CrN膜层的组织结构,明显提高了膜基体系的硬度和承载能力,还改善了膜层的韧性,膜基结合性能也得到提高.     

不锈钢分类

从热处理生产工艺考虑,不锈钢按显微组织和热处理特征分类更具有实际意义。一般加热至某一温度快冷(空冷)至室温所能获得的组织分为:铁素体型、马氏体型、奥氏体型、奥氏体-铁素体型及沉淀硬化型五类。(1)马氏体不锈钢:代表钢种为12Cr13、20Cr13、40Cr13、14Cr17Ni2和95Cr18等。(2)铁素体不锈钢:典型钢为06Cr13Al、10Cr17、10Cr17Mo等。(3)奥氏体不锈钢:典型钢为12Cr18Ni9(1Cr18Ni9)、06Cr19Ni10(0Cr18Ni9)等,工业上应用广泛,无磁性。(4)双相(奥氏体-铁素体)不锈钢,其中一相含量不低于25%,可以分为低合金型、中合金型、高合金型及超级双相不锈钢,如0Cr25Ni5Mo2等。(5)沉淀硬化不锈钢:17-4PH(M)05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb、17-7PH(半A)07Cr17Ni7Al、PH15-7Mo(半A)07Cr15Ni7Mo2Al等。     

固溶处理对06Cr23Mn22MoN高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、X射线光电子能谱等研究了固溶处理(固溶温度范围为800～1200℃,保温时间为1 h)对06Cr23Mn22MoN高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能主要受第二相、钝化膜及晶粒尺寸的影响;固溶温度由800℃升高到1100℃,随着Cr_2N的逐渐消除,实验钢的耐腐蚀性能逐渐改善;在固溶温度为1100℃时,Cr_2N向表面富集反应生成NH_4~+和NH_3并吸附在钝化膜表面,提高了钝化膜的稳定性,实验钢的耐腐蚀性能最好;当固溶温度高于1100℃时,晶粒长大会降低表面原子活性,形成钝化膜的速度减慢,导致实验钢的耐腐蚀性能降低。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.