椰肉乙醇提取物抗氧化性的研究

主要从清除超氧阴离子自由基、还原力、清除DPPH自由基、清除羟基自由基等方面,研究椰肉乙醇提取物的抗氧化性.结果表明,椰肉乙醇提取物对超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH·自由基和羟基自由基都有较强的清除能力;与VC、BHT和没食子酸相比较,椰肉乙醇提取物对Fe2+的络合能力最强;同时椰肉乙醇提取物还有一定的还原能力.因此,椰肉乙醇提取物是一种具有全面抗氧化功效的活性物质,具有很好的保健功能.     

箬叶总黄酮体外抗氧化活性的研究

考察了超声波法提取的箬叶总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性,研究了箬叶总黄酮对ABTs、DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、亚硝基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力,并以常用的抗氧化剂Vc和芦丁作为对照品进行比较。实验表明,对于ABTs、DPPH自由基,箬叶总黄酮的清除率明显高于Vc和芦丁,其IC_(50)为Vc和芦丁的1/2~1/7;对于羟基、亚硝基自由基,在浓度相对较低时,箬叶总黄酮的清除自由基能力与Vc和芦丁相当,当浓度增加80μg/m L,箬叶总黄酮的清除自由基能力明显强于Vc和芦丁;但对超氧阴离子自由基,箬叶黄酮提取物清除率低于Vc对照品。箬叶总黄酮提取物大多表现出强于Vc和芦丁的体外抗氧化活性,作为天然抗氧化剂具有较好的应用前景。     

杏仁黄酮的提取及抗氧化活性的研究

以南杏、北杏和美国大杏仁为材料,通过超声波辅助提取法提取黄酮,比较这3种杏仁中黄酮的含量,结果:美国大杏仁总黄酮含量最高、南杏次之、北杏最低。通过3种杏仁的黄酮提取物对清除羟自由基(·OH),超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)和DPPH·自由基的清除能力并与维生素C作比较,研究分析其抗氧化活性,结果表明3种杏仁都具有较强的清除自由基的能力,其中对DPPH·自由基的清除能力比维生素C还要强。     

猕猴桃根提取物体外抗氧化作用的研究

探讨猕猴桃根提取物的体外抗氧化作用.采用DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、羟基自由基、过氧化氢和还原力的反应体系,测定猕猴桃根提取物的体外抗氧化作用,并用VC进行对照实验.实验条件下,ERHM对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子(·O2-)、羟基自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢H2O2等均有较强的清除或抑制作用,且显示较好的量效关系,同时具有一定的还原力.其消除DPPH自由基的EC50为8.03 μg/mL,清除超氧阴离子(·O2-)的EC5o为1.28 mg/mL,抑制羟基自由基(·OH)能力可达69.4％,浓度为100 μg/mL时对过氧化氢(H2O2)的清除率为42％.猕猴桃根提取物具有较强的还原力,能有效清除DPPH和超氧阴离子自由基,并抑制羟基自由基的产生.所以,ERHM有效成分具有较为显著的抗氧化作用.     

甜菜树多糖的提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化性评价

研究优化甜菜树多糖的提取工艺,并测定其多糖的抗氧化性。采用苯酚-浓硫酸法测定甜菜树多糖的含量,通过正交试验优化了多糖的提取工艺,以羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-苯基-2-苦基肼自由基(DPPH·)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)清除能力为指标,探究了甜菜树多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:多糖的最佳提取工艺参数为料液比1:50 g/m L、超声时间30 min、超声温度40℃,在此条件下多糖的平均提取率为2.70%。体外抗氧化活性结果表明,多糖对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率可分别达到78.99%、75.65%和87.40%,说明多糖对·OH、DPPH·和O_2~-·有较强的清除能力。     

黄药叶总黄酮提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

采用超声波辅助提取法提取黄药叶总黄酮,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化黄药叶总黄酮提取工艺,并探讨其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,黄药叶总黄酮最佳提取工艺参数为乙醇体积分数70%,提取次数3次,提取时间40 min,料液比1∶30（g/mL）,此条件下黄药叶总黄酮得率为（6.18±0.13）%。体外抗氧化试验结果表明,黄药叶总黄酮提取物对羟自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基均具有一定的清除能力,相应的半数清除浓度（inhibitory concentration,IC50）为 484.12、18.27、46.88 μg/mL,分别为 L-抗坏血酸的 1.50、4.50、2.51 倍,黄药叶总黄酮提取物铁离子还原能力略低于L-抗坏血酸。     

盐碱地马齿苋不同提取液的抗氧化活性研究

研究了盐碱地马齿苋四种不同提物的DPPH自由基、羟基自由基及超氧阴离子自由基清除活性和还原能力.结果表明:在不同的自由基体系中,4种提取物均对DPPH自由基和羟基离子有较好的清除效果,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用相对较弱 马齿苋的提取物中无水乙醇提取物和水提取物的抗氧化效果优于其余两种提取物,且与质量浓度呈明显的量效关系.     

芡实壳提取物抗氧化能力研究

研究芡实壳不同提取物的抗氧化能力。测定不同芡实壳提取物溶液对超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基、DPPH自由基的清除率,还原能力,抗脂质过氧化活性以及对羟基自由基引起的DNA损伤的保护作用。结果显示,芡实壳提取物溶液能清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基、DPPH自由基,有还原能力和抗脂质过氧化活性,对羟基自由基引起的DNA损伤有保护作用,说明芡实壳提取物具有抗氧化能力。     

黄秋葵花提取物不同极性部位抗氧化活性的研究

为确定黄秋葵花提取物的抗氧化活性,采用有机溶剂萃取法将黄秋葵花提取物分为乙酸乙酯相和水相2个不同极性部位,测定不同极性部位提取物中总黄酮及多酚的含量,分析其还原能力、(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)DPPH自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力和羟自由基清除能力,比较黄秋葵花不同极性部位提取物的抗氧化作用。结果表明,黄秋葵花提取物的不同极性部位均有抗氧化活性作用,其中乙酸乙酯相部位提取物的羟自由基清除能力和超氧阴离子清除能力均强于水相提取部位,而水相提取部位的还原力和DPPH自由基清除能力强于乙酸乙酯相部位提取物。本研究将为黄秋葵花抗氧化功能食品的研究与开发提供理论依据。     

花果山云雾茶中多酚和多糖的超声同步提取工艺

研究花果山云雾茶中茶多酚和茶多糖的超声辅助同步提取工艺并评价提取物的抗氧化活性。在单因素试验的基础上,响应面分析法优化的提取工艺为:超声功率500 W,提取温度80℃,提取时间37 min,液料比62∶1(mL/g)。在优化的条件下,茶多酚和茶多糖的得率分别为(137.08±3.37)mg/g和(57.71±1.94)mg/g。固态提取物的得率为(2.51±0.27)%,其中茶多酚和茶多糖的含量分别为(548.31±13.48)mg/g和(227.28±6.44)mg/g。通过测定提取物的还原力、抗氧化力和对DPPH自由基、羟自由基及超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力评价其抗氧化活性,结果显示提取物具有较强的还原力和总抗氧化力及清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的活性。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。