热处理温度对磁控溅射法制备YSZ电解质薄膜性能的影响

采用射频磁控溅射方法在NiO-YSZ阳极基底上制备了致密的YSZ电解质薄膜,主要研究了热处理温度对电解质薄膜性能的影响.试验发现随着热处理温度的提高,所制备的YSZ薄膜中晶粒结合更加致密,气孔率显著降低,薄膜与基底间的结合更加紧密.通过组装单体电池实际考察了薄膜的性能,发现随着热处理温度的提高,电池的开路电压及放电性能均有大幅度的提高.在800℃下,开路电压由0.82V提高到1.023V,已接近SOFC的理论电压;最大功率密度由480mW/cm2提高到760 mW/cm2.     

YSZ纳米粉料流延成型电解质薄膜性能研究

探索了以YSZ纳米粉体为原料,采用流延成型的方法制备YSZ电解质薄膜的工艺过程,具体探讨了不同粒度粉体流延后坯体的性能,结果表明,纳米范围内颗粒粒度粗可以获得致密度较高的坯体。但在烧结过程中,细粒度粉料表现出更好的性能,实验制备的YSZ电解质薄膜的面积比电阻在1123K,比德国D样品大幅度下降。573～1023K的阻抗谱显示出实验制备的YSZ电解质试样的晶粒、晶界和电极处的阻抗都明显降低,综合性能明显优于国外同类产品。流延成型工艺可以获得尺寸为100mm×100mm×0.125mm的8YSZ电解质薄片,这为平板式SOFC在中国的快速发展做好了材料上的准备。     

流延法制备SOFC NiO/YSZ阳极的研究

流延法制备了SOFC NiO/YSZ阳极,比较了NiO(微米级)和NiO(纳米级)两种NiO,发现由NiO(纳米级)制备的电池在800℃最大放电功率密度257.1mW/cm2,而由NiO(微米级)制备的电池相同条件下仅为124.9mW/cm2,原因在于NiO(纳米级)粒径小,制备的阳极三相反应区大.NiO(纳米级)经700℃煅烧后制备的电池最大功率密度增加到369.0mW/cm2,而 800℃和900℃煅烧时减少到169.5和159.0mW/cm2,因为700℃煅烧增加了NiO的活性,而800和900℃煅烧的NiO粒径增大到1.35μm,制备的阳极减小了反应活性区.YSZ在1200℃煅烧后,粒径从0.2μm增加到34μm,由于YSZ粒径远大于NiO,导致NiO之间接触不良,制备的电池性能下降到120.0mW/cm2,继续球磨12h后,YSZ粒径减小到0.70μm,NiO和YSZ之间分布均匀,制备的电池放电功率密度提高到447.9mW/cm2.     

Ni/YSZ阳极浸渍La2O3对SOFC电池抗积碳的影响

以水系流延法制备阳极支撑型平板式IT-SOFC的阳极/电解质(Ni-YSZ/YSZ)半电池, 通过浸渍La₂O₃颗粒对半电池阳极进行改性, LSM+8YSZ为阴极制备单电池。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察单电池显微结构; 利用能谱(EDS)测试阳极成分; 单电池以乙醇水蒸气为燃料, 在750℃下利用循环伏安法测试单电池的功率密度, 交流阻抗法测试单电池的阻抗。结果表明: 单电池Ni/YSZ阳极孔洞中浸渍的La₂O₃颗粒约90 nm; 浸渍改性的电池比未浸渍的电池具有更稳定的电性能, 随着La₂O₃浸渍量越来越多, 电池的电性能和稳定性越来越好, 抗积碳能力越来越强。当浸渍量为2.4wt%时, 以乙醇水蒸气为燃料在750℃下运行7 h后, 电池衰减率仅为0.09%/h。     

固体氧化物燃料电池力学性能和形变行为研究

通过流延成型、丝网印刷和共烧结法成功制备了阳极支撑的平板式固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs)。采用陶瓷样品同轴环施力方式和双扭法测试单电池的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为156.69 MPa与2.51 MPa•m^1/2。当阳极支撑体由陶瓷(NiO/YSZ)还原为金属陶瓷(Ni/YSZ), 其抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为104.48 MPa与3.95 MPa•m^1/2。同时电池的弯曲变形测试表明: 单电池经过阳极还原后弯曲变形程度变大, 平整化压力从电池阳极还原前的108 N增加至184 N, 而电池抵抗破裂能力增强。本研究显示, 随着阳极支撑体还原后单电池的断裂韧性显著提高, 将有效减缓其弯曲变形所引起的不利影响, 改善单电池的综合力学性能。     

固体氧化物燃料电池阳极的相转化流延制备和电化学性能研究

采用相转化流延一步制备了NiO-Zr_0.84Y_0.16O_2-δ (YSZ)阳极支撑层和功能层, 前者厚度为~700 μm, 含有沿厚度方向定向排列的开放直孔, 后者厚度为~60 μm。采用浆料涂膜法和高温共烧在阳极上制备厚度为15 μm的YSZ电解质薄膜, 丝网印刷制备YSZ-La_0.84Sr_0.16MnO_3-δ (LSM)(质量比50:50)阴极。所制备的单电池显示出较高的电输出性能。以H₂-3%H₂O为燃料和环境空气为氧化剂, 800 ℃时电池的峰功率密度达到891 mW/cm², 电池即使在高电流密度测试条件下也未出现明显的浓差极化, 这是由于其阳极具有开放直孔结构, 气相输运阻力小。     

La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9阴极对氧化锆薄膜燃料电池性能的影响

采用固相混合法和浸渍法分别在阳极支撑的氧化钇稳定的氧化锆（YSZ）薄膜上制备了La0.7Sr0.3MnO3（LSM）-Sm0.2Ce0.8O1．9（SDC）复合阴极。结果表明，使用浸渍阴极的单电池获得更好的输出性能；但浸渍阴极的孔隙率较低，在高温区容易出现浓差极化现象。通过降低浸渍阴极的厚度，可以有效地提高电极的气体扩散速率,通过调整浸渍电极的厚度，可以在不同温度下获得理想的电池性能。采用4μm厚浸渍阴极的单电池，800℃的最高功率密度为1100mW／cm^2；采用28μm厚浸渍阴极的单电池，600℃的最高功率密度为295mW／cm^2。     

VO_x-Cu浸渍复合阳极支撑的抗硫中温固体氧化物燃料电池的制备与性能

用流延法制备钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)多孔体素坯,在流延素坯上丝网印刷沉积10Sc1CeSZ电解质,经共烧结得到多孔YSZ支撑致密10Sc1CeSZ薄膜电解质的约为5cm×5cm较大面积的双层膜。在电解质薄膜上依次印刷阻挡层Ce0.8Gd0.2O2(CGO)和阴极La0.6Sr0.4CoO3(LSC)。向多孔YSZ支撑体内浸渍偏钒酸铵、草酸的混合溶液和硝酸铜溶液多次后经低温煅烧后得到V2O5-CuO-YSZ复合阳极。用SEM对双层薄膜结构浸渍前后进行显微结构表征,结果表明流延法制备的多孔YSZ孔洞连通,丝网印刷制备的电解质层致密,电解质厚度约为7μm;浸渍后,催化剂均匀地分布在YSZ孔隙间。在800℃,分别以湿H2和含5.2×10-3体积分数的H2S湿合成气(40%H2,60%CO)为燃料进行电化学测试,开路电压分别为1.07和1.08V,最大功率密度均为37mW/cm2。电性能测试结果表明,该方法制备的固体氧化物燃料电池复合阳极具有抗硫化氢毒化和抗碳沉积的性能。     

ZnO调制改性染料敏化太阳能电池TiO2光阳极研究

采用丝网印刷的方式制备了染料敏化太阳能电池的TiO2薄膜光阳极、TiO2-ZnO复合薄膜光阳极以及TiO2/ZnO双层薄膜光阳极,研究了ZnO对TiO2薄膜光阳极的调制改性作用。研究结果表明分别以醋酸锌和ZnO直接掺杂制备的TiO2-ZnO复合薄膜光阳极同未掺杂的TiO2薄膜光阳极相比,以醋酸锌为原料制备的复合薄膜光阳极使电池转换效率提高了1倍,而由于微米量级的ZnO的粒径大,用其作原料制得的复合薄膜光阳极反而使电池的转换效率有所降低。以醋酸锌为原料制备的TiO2/ZnO双层薄膜光阳极同TiO2薄膜光阳极相比,电池转换效率提高了13倍,通过性能优化后电池的转换效率达到4.7%。     

IT-SOFC阳极制备中催化剂NiO化学浸渍法的研究

在中温固体氧化物燃料电池(IT-SOFC)阳极的制备中,采用氨水、饱和硝酸镍溶液为原料,利用化学浸渍法引入催化剂NiO制备阳极;利用本实验室制备好的致密薄膜YSZ-多孔YSZ烧结复合体在氨水中浸渍,然后放入饱和硝酸镍中负压浸渍使得两种溶液在多孔YSZ的微孔中进行反应.计算结果表明:该法一次浸渍可增重NiO 17.2％(质量分数),是普通浸渍法(用致密薄膜YSZ-多孔YSZ烧结复合体在硝酸镍溶液中浸渍,包括常压浸渍与负压浸渍)一次浸渍增重量的3倍左右.采用场发射扫瞄电子显微镜观察多孔YSZ阳极的断面,比较了普通浸渍法和化学浸渍法催化剂NiO的一次浸渍量;对比了化学浸渍和(通常使用的)直接混合引进催化剂NiO所制备的阳极中NiO颗粒的形态.研究结果表明:采用化学浸渍法引入NiO制备阳极较普通浸渍法简化了工艺且大大缩短了制备周期.利用该法制备的单电池,其电性能明显高于利用直接混合引入催化剂NiO制备阳极的单电池.700℃,H2为燃料,空气为氧化剂,前者的最大输出功率密度达0.83W/cm2,后者的最大输出功率密度仅为0.43W/cm2.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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