颗粒增强铝基复合材料的疲劳研究进展

对近年来颗粒增强铝基复合材料疲劳性能研究进展进行了总结,介绍了颗粒增强铝基复合材料的强化机制,概括了影响材料疲劳性能的几个重要的因素,从裂纹萌生以及裂纹扩展方面阐述了其疲劳行为及微观失效机制,并提出了未来颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究趋势。     

WC颗粒增强金属基复合耐磨材料制备工艺与性能研究

与传统单一的材料相比,增强金属基复合材料(MMCs)的力学、物理和机械加工性能具有许多优点和更加优异的性能,在各种工程领域中应用广泛。首先从制备工艺开始,介绍了目前发展较为迅速的冷喷涂技术、激光熔覆、等离子堆焊及电弧堆焊等工艺发展。在此基础上着重论述了微米WC颗粒添加及纳米WC颗粒添加金属基耐磨材料性能的研究,论述了提高微米WC颗粒增强金属基复合耐磨材料耐磨性的途径,通过增加基体组织韧性,增加WC颗粒包裹、支撑,减少裂纹产生。进而介绍了纳米WC颗粒改变凝固形式,细化复合材料晶粒从而提高性能,并指出了纳米WC颗粒烧损是制约其发展的重要原因。最后,对该方向研究进展进行了总结,并对其发展前景和主要发展方向进行了展望。     

颗粒和微观结构对Cu/WCp复合材料疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展行为的影响

通过原位扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了粉末冶金制备的Cu/WCp复合材料的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展行为,分析了颗粒和微观结构对Cu/WCp复合材料疲劳裂纹萌生和早期扩展行为的影响。结果表明:疲劳微裂纹萌生于WCp颗粒和基体Cu的界面;微裂纹之间相互连接并形成主裂纹,当主裂纹和颗粒相遇时裂纹沿着颗粒界面扩展。在低应力强度因子幅ΔK区域疲劳小裂纹具有明显的"异常现象",并占据了全寿命的71%左右。疲劳小裂纹的早期扩展阶段易受局部微观结构和颗粒WCp的影响,扩展速率波动性较大,随机性较强;当小裂纹长度超过150μm时,裂纹扩展加快直至试样快速断裂。裂纹偏折、分叉和塑性尾迹降低了疲劳裂纹扩展速率,而颗粒界面脱粘则提高了复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。通过数值模拟也可以发现颗粒脱粘增大了材料的疲劳扩展驱动力,从而提高了疲劳裂纹扩展速率。     

选区激光熔化制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的研究进展

选区激光熔化是一种使用聚焦高能激光束熔化粉末,逐层叠加成形零件的增材制造方法.选区激光熔化可以直接制备复杂结构零件和实现近净成形,能够方便地通过粉末预混添加或原位反应实现颗粒增强金属基复合材料的控形控性,具有独特的技术优势,受到广泛关注.本文综述了选区激光熔化制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的研究进展,总结了主要研究结果及存在的共性问题,并展望了选区激光熔化制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的研究方向和发展趋势.通过总结分析,指出选区激光熔化制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料时,聚焦激光作用下形成的高温微小熔池凝固时间短,远远偏离平衡状态,凝固过程复杂,增强颗粒与基体间冶金反应剧烈,容易熔化、分解和溶解并对基体特性产生影响,进而影响成形后的复合材料的宏观形貌和组织、性能.除增强体成分、颗粒形貌与尺寸、体积分数外,复合材料的性能还受激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距、粉层厚度、成形气氛等工艺参数的影响,粉末特性与工艺参数之间的交互作用复杂.因此,考察工艺参数与粉末特性之间的交互作用关系,系统研究增强体颗粒特性与成形工艺参数对复合材料宏观形貌、致密度、缺陷、组织和性能的影响规律,是实现复合材料组织结构设计和性能调控的基础.     

颗粒增强金属基复合材料涂层的制备及其特性与应用

针对复合材料涂层的相关问题, 综述了颗粒增强金属基复合材料涂层的制备技术及其特性的研究进展。重点描述了电热爆炸超高速喷涂技术及电刷镀技术制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料涂层的发展现状、涂层组织结构和力学性能研究进展, 概述了颗粒增强金属基复合材料涂层的工程应用领域及其未来发展方向。     

喷射沉积成形颗粒增强金属基复合材料制备技术的发展

分析了喷射沉积成形颗粒增强金属基复合材料制备技术的研究现状。系统地介绍了原位反应喷射沉积成形过程中进行的各类反应。在总结国内外喷射沉积成形颗粒增强金属基复合材料制备技术优缺点的基础上,发展了熔铸－原位反应喷射沉积成形金属基复合材料制备新技术。     

累积叠轧焊合法制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的研究现状与展望

近年来,累积叠轧焊合法已经成为制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的一种新颖工艺。介绍了累积叠轧焊合法制备复合材料的工艺原理,综述了累积叠轧过程中的颗粒增强金属基复合材料的金属基体与增强颗粒固相复合机制、强化机制以及复合材料性能。同时展望了用累积叠轧焊合法制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的研究趋势。     

粉末冶金铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

疲劳性能是粉末冶金铝合金一项重要的使用性能,研究疲劳裂纹扩展行为是研究疲劳性能的一种重要的方法。总结了影响粉末冶金铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的各种外部因素和内部因素,外部因素主要包括应力比、温度、制备方法等,内部因素有晶粒尺寸、夹杂物、铝基复合材料中的增强相颗粒等,并详细阐述了这些因素的影响机制。     

TiB2颗粒增强锌基合金中短,长疲劳裂纹扩展行为

研究了ＴｉＢ２颗料增强锌基合金及其基体材料中由缺口起始的疲劳短、长裂纹的扩展行为。通过精抛光试样表面跟踪裂纹路径，在同一试样上采用降低施加负荷的方法，测定了短、长疲劳裂纹的扩展速率，并沿裂纹路径观察了增强粒子与裂纹尖端的作用。研究结果表明：在该复合材料及基体材料中均存在小裂纹扩展延迟现象，此现象与缺口塑性有关，复合材料中还与粒子与裂纹尖端的作用有关，两种材料在相同的ΔＫ水平下，短、长疲劳裂纹具有不     

SiC颗粒体积分数对SiCp/Al复合材料疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

本文通过对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的测试和对疲劳裂纹扩展路径及疲劳断口的观察分析,研完了SiC颗粒体积分数对SiCp/Al复合材料疲劳裂纹扩展的影响.结果表明:随着SiC颗粒体积分数的增加,复合材料疲劳裂纹扩展抗力增加,但只有SiC颗粒体积分数为15％时,复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力才优于基体.      

Numerical analysis of fibre bridging and fatigue crack growth in metal matrix composite materials

The analysis of bridged crack configurations in unidirectional fibre-reinforced composites is relevant to a variety of crack growth problems, including the fatigue of metal matrix composites and the study of fibre failure in the wake of a bridged matrix crack. Details of numerical procedures for predicting fibre stresses and their effect on crack tip stress intensity factors are presented here to provide a useful overview of how standard bridging calculations are done. Results are presented and discussed in the context of predicting fatigue crack growth with fibre failure in metal matrix composites.     

A MODEL TO PREDICT THE FATIGUE LIFE OF FIBRE-REINFORCED TITANIUM MATRIX COMPOSITES UNDER CONSTANT AMPLITUDE LOADING

A model based on micro-mechanical concepts has been developed for predicting fatigue crack growth in titanium alloy matrix composites. In terms of the model, the crack system is composed of three zones: the crack, the plastic zone and the fibre. Crack tip plasticity is constrained by the fibres and remains so until certain conditions are met. The condition for crack propagation is that fibre constraint is overcome when the stress at the location of the fibre ahead of the crack tip attains a critical level required for debonding. Crack tip plasticity then increases and the crack is able to propagate round the fibre. The debonding stress is calculated using the shear lag model from values of interfacial shear strength and embedded fibre length published in the literature. If the fibres in the crack wake remain unbroken, friction stresses on the crack flanks are generated, as a result of the matrix sliding along the fibres. The friction stresses (known as the bridging effect) shield the crack tip from the remote stress, reducing the crack growth relative to that of the matrix alone. The bridging stress is calculated by adding together the friction stresses, at each fibre row bridging the crack, which are assumed to be a function of crack opening displacement and sliding distance at each row. The friction stresses at each fibre row will increase as the crack propagates further until a critical level for fibre failure is reached. Fibre failure is modelled through Weibull statistics and published experimental results. Fibre failure will reduce the bridging effect and increase the crack propagation rate. Calculated fatigue lives and crack propagation rates are compared with experimental results for three different materials (32% SCS6/Ti-15-3, 32% and 38% SCS6/Ti-6-4) subjected to mode I fatigue loading. The good agreement shown by these comparisons demonstrates the applicability of the model to predict the fatigue damage in Ti-based MMCs.     

Fatigue Propagation of Fibre-Bridged Cracks in Unidirectional Polymer-Matrix Composites

In order to improve the fatigue resistance of polymer-matrix composites by materials design, or to conceive micromechanics based models for life predictions, the underlying micromechanisms must be understood. Experimental investigations have revealed fibre-bridged cracking as a toughening micromechanism that retards further fatigue crack growth in a unidirectional 0° carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy. The bridging fibres exert a closing traction on the crack surfaces, thereby reducing the driving force for crack growth. In this study, the growth of bridged cracks has been quantified by a surface replication technique. The da/dN–K curve defined in terms of nominal stress-intensity factors shows a crack retarding behaviour. The crack growth curve can be replotted in terms of the effective stress-intensity factor where the contribution of the cohesive crack surface forces from the bridging fibres are taken into account. This curve falls somewhat closer to that of the neat matrix material, but the difference is still considerable, and it shows a decelerating propagation. Therefore, there must be other active toughening mechanisms besides fibre bridging, that slow the crack propagation down, and account for the fatigue resistant behaviour of the tested material. Ways by microstructural design to promote the fatigue resistant mechanisms are discussed.     

SiCw/LD2疲劳裂纹萌生的研究

本文研究SiCw/LD₂复合材料的疲劳裂纹萌生部位、寿命和机制。用TEM现察疲劳试验后材料中的位错分布和出现在晶须旁的微裂纹。用SEM观察疲劳试样的表面一级塑料复型,发现5μm长的表面裂纹。认为复合材料的疲劳强度比基体合金高的一个原因是基体细小的晶粒所导致的较高的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命。     

Corrosion fatigue short crack growth behaviour in a high strength steel

The influence of an aggressive environment (0.6 M, aerated NaCl solution) on short fatigue crack initiation and growth behaviour has been studied. The study involved three major test series, namely: air fatigue, corrosion fatigue, and intermittent air fatigue/corrosion fatigue. The above tests carried out under fully reversed torsional loading conditions at a frequency of 5 Hz, showed that it was the non-metallic inclusions which took part in crack initiation resulting from debonding at metal matrix/inclusion interface and pitting of inclusions in both air and corrosove environments, respectively. Short fatigue crack growth results in these two environments obtained by using plastic replication technique, indicated a large effect of microstructure i.e. prior austenite grain boundaries. The stage/stages at which the environmental contribution was dominant has been discussed by considering the results achieved from intermittent tests. However, the mechanisms involved in corrosion fatigue short crack growth have also been described in the light of results obtained from futher investigations carried out by conducting corrosion fatigue tests under applied cathodic potential conditions and tests on hydrogen pre-charged specimens under air fatigue and uniaxial tension conditions.     

发动机热端部件电子束焊修复接头的高温疲劳裂纹扩展行为

研究了力学不均匀性对电子束焊接修复接头疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律，结果表明，由于力学不均匀性的影响，位于修复法接头焊缝和热潮影响区的疲劳裂纹垧母材偏转扩展，力学不均匀性与裂纹偏转导致裂纹扩展的驱动力下降，使得焊接区的表现疲劳裂纹扩展速率低于母材。     

A theoretical study of fatigue behaviour in unidirectional Ti-based metal matrix composites

The Fatigue Damage Map (FDM) has been used to define the different damage mechanisms operating during fatigue loading of fibre reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). Matrix cracking, fibre failure, fibre bridging and interfacial debonding have been suggested as being the dominant factors in fatigue crack growth of MMCs. The FDM has been used to provide information regarding the contribution of these mechanisms to fatigue failure and their dependency on load history. The application of FDM is shown not only to define design limits but also to provide vital information for maintenance engineering. Fatigue, MMCs, fatigue damage map, crack safe conditions, fail safe conditions, crack arrest, crack instability, maximum bridging, micromechanical modelling.     

Effect of stress ratio on fatigue behaviour in SiC particulate-reinforced aluminium alloy composite

Axial fatigue tests have been performed at three different stress ratios, R, of ?1, 0 and 0.4 using smooth specimens of an aluminium alloy composite reinforced with SiC particulates of 20 μm particle size. The effect of stress ratio on fatigue strength was studied on the basis of crack initiation, small crack growth and fracture surface analysis. The stress ratio dependence of fatigue strength that has been commonly observed in other materials was obtained, in which fatigue strength decreased with increasing stress ratio when characterized in terms of stress amplitude. At R=?1, the fatigue strength of the SiC_p/Al composite was the same as that of the unreinforced alloy, but at R= 0 and 0.4 decreased significantly, indicating a detrimental effect of tensile mean stress in the SiC_p/Al composite. The modified Goodman relation gave a fairly good estimation of the fatigue strength at 10⁷ cycles in the unreinforced alloy, but significantly unconservative estimation in the SiC_p/Al composite. At R= 0 and 0.4, cracks initiated at the interfaces between SiC particles and the matrix or due to particle cracking and then grew predominantly along the interfaces, because debonding between SiC particles and the matrix occurred easily under tensile mean stress. Such behaviour was different from that at R=?1. Therefore, it was concluded that the decrease in fatigue strength at high stress ratios and the observed stress ratio dependence in the SiC_p/Al composite were attributed to the different fracture mechanisms operated at high stress ratios.     

AlSi10Mg(Cu)铸铝合金的热疲劳裂纹萌生及早期扩展行为

微观观察AlSi10Mg(Cu)铸铝合金在热疲劳裂纹的萌生和早期扩展过程,重点研究共晶硅粒子对热疲劳裂纹行为的影响。结果表明:热疲劳裂纹萌生于脱粘共晶硅粒子与铝基体间的开裂界面,原因是共晶硅粒子与铝基体的热膨胀系数不同,引起热循环过程中两相热应变不协调,从而在两相界面处产生循环应力而引起疲劳破坏。热疲劳裂纹的扩展在长度和宽度上同时进行,具有良好塑性的铝枝晶对疲劳裂纹的扩展起阻碍作用。对热疲劳过程中共晶硅粒子周围应力场的模拟分析进一步解释了实验现象。     

Notch sensitivity of Ti-based unidirectional metal matrix composites under tensile and fatigue loading

Neuber's rule and the notch equivalent crack length concept were utilized to predict the effect of notches on the fracture strength and fatigue limit of unidirectional metal matrix composites. For the examination of the fracture strength, the strain of the notch is compared to that required for debonding or fracture of the fibres. The notch effect under fatigue loading is determined by examining the ability of the notch to achieve premature debonding.