羊绒织物的加工及其服用性能

概述了羊绒纺纱加工,包括粗纺系统、精纺系统及半精纺系统等。介绍了羊绒织物染整加工的基本情况。     

加捻对精纺羊绒纱线的影响分析

如何充分利用纱线的捻系数、捻向等参数来配置精纺羊绒制品的纺纱参数,直接关系到羊绒制品的最终手感和外观风格。从羊绒纱线的捻度和捻向配置出发,对羊绒制品开发过程中的相关参数作了分析。通过极限捻度试验分析认为,常规精纺羊绒单纱捻系数以110~130为宜,倍捻的复合方式以常规S捻为主;而捻系数、弹力丝对织物起球的影响为:对低捻系数的羊绒织物有轻微影响,而对高捻系数的织物影响不明显;对于精纺羊绒纱线,存在纱线的强力极限捻系数比伸长极限捻系数偏大约10个捻系数的情况。     

文摘精粹

羊毛丝光仿羊绒花呢的工艺研究,利用Sirofil技术开发羊绒混纺闪色纱，山羊绒／K-Ⅱ纤维伴纺针织纱的开发,山羊绒和细绵羊毛纤维的形态特征分析,精纺羊绒织物的后整理工艺设计……     

超薄型羊绒织物的设计与开发

针对当前羊绒织物向轻薄化方向发展的趋势,阐述超薄型织物的创新设计,通过从原料组成的设计、织物组织的设计两方面开发新产品。结果表明,通过电脑横机织造,既实现了精纺羊绒产品风格的轻薄化,又具有粗纺羊绒产品风格的纹路蓬松、丰满、富有骨感弹性的特色,同时克服了单纱织物织造上的困难,为羊绒针织物产品的创意设计开拓了新领域。     

紧密纺在精纺羊绒纺纱中的应用初探

分析了紧密纺纱在精纺羊绒中应用后对纱线各项测试指标的改善效果，讨论了其在减少精纺羊绒纱的毛羽、改善纱线条干、提高纱线强力并最终降低针织纱捻度的可行性。最后得出了在普通精纺羊绒工艺上可采用紧密纺的结论，同时对解决精纺羊绒行业长期存在的羊绒衫鸡爪痕问题找到了新的突破口。     

专利荟萃

纯兔毛纺纱的毛条有捻罗拉装置,羊毛拉细毛条加捻装置,精纺毛染整开幅吸水机,烘干羊毛、精细织物的装置,一种半精纺羊绒制条机     

羊绒／丽赛纤维／PTT多组分半精纺纱的开发

采用羊绒、丽赛纤维和PTT纤维为原料,以毛纺设备和棉纺设备相结合,应用半精纺纺纱工艺纺制羊绒,丽赛纤维/PTT多组分半精纺纱.首先对3种纤维的性能进行了分析,介绍了半精纺的工艺生产过程和半精纺设备的选型和配置,探讨了纺纱各工序主要工艺参数和关键技术措施,成功纺制了性能优良的羊绒/丽赛纤维/PTT半精纺纱.用该纱制成的织物手感柔软、滑爽、富有弹性、尺寸稳定,具有较高的经济效益.     

纺纱、洗水工艺对羊绒针织物平整度的影响

为更好地应用半精纺工艺开发出适应市场需求的纺织品,根据实际情况,调整产品结构,通过新型的半精纺技术进行新产品开发,结合自身毛纺技术不断创新、研究新课题,对半精梳羊绒产品服用性作了进一步探索和实践。从羊绒针织纱的生产工艺着手,分析、研究了原料、纺纱工艺和水洗缩绒工艺等环节对羊绒织物平整度(纹路清晰)的影响。优化了纺纱工艺参数,着重强调提高产品平整度的技术措施,提升了半精梳羊绒针织纱线及产品的档次。     

OPTIM拉细羊毛／绢丝／羊绒混纺纱的开发

介绍了利用毛精纺生产线，生产奥普蒂姆(OPTIM)拉细羊毛与绢丝、羊绒混纺纱的生产工艺与实践，为节约羊绒资源、利用OPTIM拉细羊毛开发精纺羊绒混纺做了有益的尝试。     

文摘精粹

羊绒织物数码喷墨印花的应用与研究;毛棉设备结合加工半精梳羊绒纱的研究;羊绒筒子纱染色技术研究与应用;热传导与羊毛织物保暖性的关系;羊毛再生蛋白-聚丙烯腈共聚纤维染整加工;精纺毛织物平滑整理技术探讨;基于贝叶斯方法的山羊绒与细羊毛的鉴别;羊毛纱线电磁波定形方式的探讨。     

中国烟草产业竞争范式分析

本文以竞争力的内涵构成及其相互关系分析为基础,分析了竞争力的四个构成要素（关系要素、资源要素、能力要素、知识要素）与企业竞争力的具体表现形式（产品力、销售力、资本力、品牌力）以及供应链的制度竞争力、组织竞争力、技术竞争力、认知竞争力之间的映射关系,提出了竞争力的多面体结构.在前人提出的各种有关竞争力理论的基础上,归纳出作者研究的理论分析范式：从环境视角出发的竞争环境分析范式;从市场视角出发的市场竞争均衡范式;从厂商视角出发的基于能力的厂商竞争范式.     

茶叶中铝、铅、砷、汞、铬、镉含量的分析及危害评价

目的研究福建省市售茶叶中金属元素含量情况,通过分析茶叶中重金属含量情况,评估其对人体的健康风险情况。方法在福建省市场随机抽取不同品种茶叶98份,用微波消解法处理茶叶,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)检测茶叶中铝、铅、砷、汞、铬、镉的含量。结果98批市售茶叶中的铅、砷、汞、铬、镉5种重金属元素含量都在国家标准范围之内,目前暂无茶叶中铝含量相关限量标准,但其危害作用有限。98份市售茶叶中铅、砷、铬、铝检出率均为100%,铬、汞的检出率分别为95.9%、37.8%。各元素靶标危害系数(target hazard quotient,THQ)排名依次为铝>铬>砷>铅>镉>汞,危害指数(hazard Index,HI)为0.2589,铝对危害指数的贡献率为45.2%。按照不同茶叶种类进行分类,其危害指数排名依次为黑茶>乌龙茶>绿茶>红茶。按照茶叶产地进行分类,其危害指数排名依次为云南>福建>浙江。结论福建省市售茶叶中这6种金属元素存在一定程度的污染,但危害指数为0.2589,小于1,对人们的健康风险较低,但仍应持续监测茶叶中金属元素的含量情况。     

基于人工鱼群算法的车辆平顺性优化分析

平顺性是汽车重要特性之一,平顺性优化分析属于组合优化问题,同时其非线性特性导致优化实质上是一个非线性多峰的优化问题,为了有效解决此类复杂优化的求解问题,近年来基于随机搜索优化算法建立了一种新型的人工鱼群算法。该文将人工鱼群算法应用到汽车平顺性优化分析研究中,以某 8×4载货车为研究对象,建立 9自由度汽车平顺性模型,对影响汽车平顺性的重要参数进行优化分析。优化结果表明,加速度均方根平均下降 16.82%,在 60 km/h时下降最大,加速度均方根下降 21.24%,有效提高了重型车的平顺性能。因此,利用该模型可对汽车平顺性进行预测或评估。     

机织物CAD系统中的仿真技术

通过对机织物CAD系统主要功能的分析，运用软件工程学的基本原理，利用Visual C中图像技术，并结合机织物的特点，阐述了机织物CAD系统在Windows98平台下的实现过程。该系统包括组织图设计、纱线仿真、配色和织物小样剪切与外观模拟穿着效果图等功能。在组织图设计与纱线份真功能模块中，分别涉及到其设计思想、原理，设计框图及设计的效果等；在小样剪切功能模块中，介绍了DIB技术、图像处理类的构建等有关图像处理技术的问题。该系统运行稳定、适用面广，其方便、快速、准确的优点在一定程度上缩短了产品开发周期，为纺织厂的工艺设计提供了一条简捷适用的新途径。     

Evaluation of fruit authenticity and determination of the fruit content of fruit products using FT-NIR spectroscopy of cell wall components

An analytical procedure using Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics with multivariate techniques for the rapid determination of the fruit authenticity and for the quantification of the fruit content was developed, based on the cell wall constituents (alcohol-insoluble residue, AIR, and hemicellulose, HC). The contents of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose in the hemicellulose fraction of apricots, peaches, and pumpkins determined by gas chromatography were used as references. Furthermore, spectral information was correlated with the fruit content and the gravimetric data obtained from sequential fractionation of the alcohol-insoluble residue. Samples of self-made and commercial apricot and peach fruit preparations, jams, and spreads were included in the investigations. Hemicellulose from 109 samples and AIR from 92 samples was recorded, and principal component regression was used to create calibration models relating chemical and gravimetrical reference values to spectral data. The calibration models provided a good predictability in comparison with the results obtained by reference methods. Good agreement was also obtained for the prediction of the neutral sugar composition of the HC and the fruit content from the AIR. FT-NIR spectroscopy allowed a rapid, accurate and non-destructive assignment of specified fruit from spectral data of the HC fraction and the AIR. Thus, FT-NIR could be applied for investigations on quality control complementing, or even replacing, gas chromatography as the most widespread method for the determination of neutral sugars. Furthermore, preliminary investigation on classification of fruit blends was performed. The probability of belonging to a specific fruit was significantly lowered or precluded for samples with fraudulent admixture like peach or pumpkin to apricot, or pumpkin to peach.     

几种杀线虫剂对甘蔗根结线虫病的防治作用

南方根结线虫（Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅｉｎｃｏｇｎｉｔａ）侵染甘蔗根系，引起根结症状，并可导致叶片呈失水症状，田间小区效试验测定４种杀线虫剂对甘蔗根结线虫的防治效果的结果表明，呋喃丹（３Ｇ）亩施４ｋｇ和丙线磷（益舒宝）（１０Ｇ）亩施３ｋｇ仅能在甘蔗生长前期对土壤中南方根结线虫二龄幼虫有明显的防治作用，而在生长后期无明显防治效果。米乐尔（３Ｇ），亩施４，５，６ｋｇ克线丹（１０Ｇ）亩施３ｋｇ和丙线磷亩施     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Stitch in Time: The Fabric of Contemporary Life

Abstract

Ebira-speaking people inhabit a region to the south-west of the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers in Nigeria. The social environment is dominated by Islam, with a Christian minority. Nevertheless, in the late 1960s, when I began the research drawn upon in this article, much of the pre-Islamic/pre-Christian ritual tradition remained intact; and all three religions presuppose a continuity of human existence beyond death. Yet the question of what persisted, and how, beyond the corpse and the grave remained unanswered in local metaphysics; and none of the Ebira words used for “body” or “person” were used of the deceased. Rather, the link between living and dead, enacted in rite and performance, was manifested by means of cloth; for the one index of that continuity was a textile woven by local women of hand-spun cotton with indigo and white stripes, one pattern for the corpse of a man, and another for a deceased woman. This kind of cloth would be draped around the doorway of a house signifying the presence of the deceased, and later it would be taken down and used to wrap the corpse for burial. The lineage of the deceased's mother supplied the cloth, this constituting one of the means whereby relationships between lineages subsisted. The only other use for this kind of cloth, and then only if striped as for a man, was in the clothing of masked performers. It was as if people entered the world of the dead and returned, re-embodied in masquerade, wearing the same kind of cloth; and it was this, more than any other single aspect of social practice, that manifested the continuity between living and dead. Masked performers also enabled access to a healing energy determined by (male) ancestral precedent. Indeed, masquerade was an aesthetic, structuring, therapeutic, and cognitive locus of much of Ebira social practice, a locus in which a form of textile was essential in the gathering together of ideas-and-practices wherein the relationship between living and dead was constru(ct)ed.     

国内外肉制品中食品添加剂硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的标准管理探讨

目的 探讨肉制品中食品添加剂硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的标准管理。方法 通过对国际食品法典以及美国、加拿大、欧盟、澳新、日本、韩国和中国肉制品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐食品添加剂标准规定的分析,结合风险评估、监测结果和食品中毒事件数据分析的情况,探讨相关标准未来的发展方向。结果 从生产加工过程控制、终产品检测可操作性或进出口口岸检测便利性的角度出发,美国、加拿大、澳新选择制定最大添加量,日本和韩国选择制定最大残留量,欧盟则根据具体食品产品,选择制定最大添加量或最大残留量。我国在食品添加剂标准中采用了添加量和残留量兼顾策略的同时,在污染物限量标准中规定了食品中N-二甲基亚硝胺的限量。膳食暴露评估显示硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为食品添加剂对膳食暴露贡献较低,对公众食品安全风险较低。结论 虽然目前标准中保留硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐最大添加量和残留量的做法符合过程控制原则和实际监管需求,但仍建议继续开展关于食品加工工艺改进和替代品的研究,同时也要继续加强对消费者和餐饮业者食品安全教育,减少误食误用引起的食物中毒。