基于数字图像相关技术的裂纹扩展测量

常用的管道钢断裂韧度测试方法包括夏比冲击试验(CVN)、落锤撕裂试验(DWTT)、裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验、裂纹尖端张开角(CTOA)试验、双试件法等。双试件法对低韧性材料的测试结果比高韧性材料的要准确,对于表征高韧性的钢管材料的断裂韧度来说,CVN和DWTT方法会受与韧性断裂扩展没有关系的能量耗散的影响,CTOA被很多国内外的学者认为测量结果准确度高,简便易行,是比较方便好用的止裂判据。在对金属裂纹扩展各种测试方法进行系统分析的基础上,研究了基于数字图像相关技术的稳定裂纹扩展阻力测量技术,开发了一种高精度快速测量硬件和软件处理系统,实际应用证明了该系统的实用性和可靠性。     

行程受限COD规在裂纹尖端张开位移试验中的应用

分析了COD规在裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验中由于行程受到限制而随载荷的变化所产生的各种可能结果，提出了用EXCEL数据处理软件对采集到的COD规的张开位移进行处理的理想方法，得到了令人满意的P-V曲线，从而可较准确地从该曲线上求得停机点的载荷Ps和COD规张开位移的塑性分量Vo，为CTOD试验的顺利完成提供了保证。     

桥梁高性能钢HPS485W断裂韧性试验研究

为了研究桥梁高性能钢的断裂韧性,对中国舞阳钢厂生产的高性能钢HPS 485W进行了一系列的断裂韧性试验研究。通过夏比V形缺口冲击试验得到HPS 485W在不同温度下的冲击韧性,并应用Boltzmann函数求解韧脆转变温度曲线,试验结果表明:与传统桥梁用钢相比,HPS 485W冲击韧性更高且韧-脆转变温度更低。由HPS 485W延性断裂韧度(J_IC)试验,测得板厚18mm和28mm的HPS 485W试样的J积分值,试验结果表明HPS 485W具有优良的断裂韧性。对8mm和14mm的HPS 485W进行裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验,试验结果表明HPS 485W有良好的塑性和韧性。基于HPS 485W拉伸试验获得的应力-应变曲线结果,运用失效评定曲线方法对CTOD试验值进行评定,HPS 485W的母材断裂韧性(CTOD)落在评定曲线的合格范围内。该文的研究为高性能钢桥的安全评定和防断裂设计提供了试验依据。     

泵头体高强钢材料的力学性能

为了进一步研究泵头体高强钢25Cr2Ni4MoV和30CrNi2MoV的力学性能,采用拉伸、冲击和裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验对其进行测试。结果表明:材料在常温下具有较好的综合力学性能;在静载荷条件下,具有优良的断裂韧度。     

单试样动态断裂性能评价方法与力值分析技术

以仪器化冲击试验记录的力-位移曲线为基础，介绍了以柔度变化率法（CCR）和临界裂纹顶端张开位移法（临界CTOD）为核心的单试样方法在判定夏比试样动态加载启裂点以及计算动态断裂韧性中的应用。在裂纹稳定扩展阶段，以关键曲线法（KC）为理论基础，探讨了动态裂纹扩展阻力曲线的计算方法。作为单试样动态断裂性能评价方法的补充，建立与材料动态加载强韧性能相关联的指标体系，如流变屈服应力σyd与临界裂纹长度J／σyd等。     

A NEW FRACTURE CRITERION FOR ELASTIC—PLASTIC INITIATION OF THE SURFACE CRACK

本文提出了一个新的断裂准则——裂纹咀张开位移率准则及新的材料断裂韧性参量V(?),并用实验验证了该准则的有效性。该准则特别适用于表面裂纹弹塑性起裂载荷的确定。V(?)可以用单试件法测定,并给出了V_(1c)与K_(1(?)),σ_c,J(?)的相互换算关系式。     

表面裂纹弹塑性起裂的V准则

本文提出了一个新的断裂准则——裂纹咀张开位移率准则及新的材料断裂韧性参量V(?),并用实验验证了该准则的有效性。该准则特别适用于表面裂纹弹塑性起裂载荷的确定。V(?)可以用单试件法测定,并给出了 V_(1c)与 K_(1(?)),σ_c,J(?)的相互换算关系式。     

面外约束对韧性材料的断裂韧度的影响

与脆性断裂的断裂韧度随厚度的增加而逐渐趋近于一个常数的变化趋势不同,韧性较好材料的弹塑性断裂韧度的特征为:在一定范围内随着厚度的增加,弹塑性断裂韧度逐渐增加。主要研究在保持试件的面内约束(a/w)保持不变的条件下,面外约束(厚度的变化)对同种材料的试件的断裂韧度的影响。首先采用韧性较好的材料进行断裂韧性实验,通过实验得到结果:试件的弹塑性断裂韧度J积分及临界裂纹尖端张开位移CTOD随着试件厚度的增加而线性增加。然后从能量平衡的角度出发,考虑在裂纹扩展过程中的所有的宏观能量耗散机制,根据通过实验验证的假设,化简后,得到最终的结果:一定程度上表征能量耗散的断裂韧度随着厚度的增加而增加,与实验结果吻合得较好。     

960MPa高强度钢材对接焊缝的低温断裂韧性

对14 mm厚的960 MPa结构钢材的对接焊缝进行了低温断裂韧性试验,采用三点弯曲试件,以裂纹尖端张开位移CTOD为指标,对960 MPa高强度钢材焊缝的断裂行为进行分析。计算出母材、焊缝区和热影响区的断裂韧性CTOD临界值δm与温度的关系,采用Boltzmann函数对其结果进行拟合分析,得到韧脆转变温度,并对其断裂微观机理进行分析。结果表明:断裂韧性CTOD临界值δm随温度降低呈下降趋势,与Q235、Q345、Q390及Q460相比,960 MPa高强度钢材的δm值最低,其焊接热影响区的δm值比焊缝金属和母材均小,其韧脆转变温度也较高(-12.45℃),低温冷脆特征更加显著。     

高强度海工钢断裂行为与板厚相关性分析

采用裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验对177.8mm厚的A517GrQ高强度齿条钢开展了沿厚度方向不同取样位置、不同试样厚度条件下的断裂韧性分析.结果表明:钢板沿厚度方向不同位置的断裂行为差异明显,同一温度下的CTOD特征值从表面至中心位置逐渐降低;随着试样厚度的增加,钢板的CTOD特征值先增加而后缓慢下降,其相关性满足关系式:δm=0.095t0.5e-0.009t1.17+0.65(1-e-0009t1.17).     

Evaluation of fracture toughness and impact toughness of laser rapid manufactured Inconel-625 structures and their co-relation

The present study involves evaluation of fracture toughness and Charpy impact toughness of Inconel 625 structures fabricated by laser based additive manufacturing. The results of crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) fracture toughness are close to those reported for the Inconel 625 weld metal. The nature of the load–time traces of instrumented Charpy impact tests revealed that the alloy Inconel 625 in laser fabricated condition was associated with fully ductile behavior with Charpy V-Notch impact energy in the range of 48–54 J. Stress relieving heat treatment at 950 °C for 1 h has resulted in marginal improvement in the impact toughness by about 10%, whereas no clear evidence of such improvement is seen in the CTOD fracture toughness. Fractographic examination of the Charpy specimens and the results of the instrumented impact tests imply that the mechanism of crack growth was propagation controlled under dynamic loading conditions. Dynamic fracture parameters were estimated from the instrumented impact test data and compared with the experimentally evaluated fracture toughness results.     

Indirect measuring of crack growth by means of a key-curve-method in pre-cracked Charpy specimens made of nodular cast iron

The determination of dynamic crack resistance curves from single specimen fracture tests requires information about the crack advance during the experiment. Here, attention is focused on crack resistance curves for nodular cast iron based on experimental data from instrumented Charpy tests. In order to estimate the actual crack length a key curve method (KCM) is employed. On the other hand, the Charpy impact tests were realized numerically using finite element calculations in conjunction with a continuum damage model (CDM) to simulate ductile crack growth. The parameters of the CDM model were determined from the experimental data of single specimen fracture tests. Equivalence between the experimental and the numerical realization of a fracture test was ensured by validating the predictions of the numerical simulations by means of low blow fracture tests. Comparison between the crack advance predicted by the numerical simulations and the results obtained using the proposed KCM shows a sufficiently well agreement with the actual crack length. Furthermore, crack resistance curves obtained from single specimen tests using either standard estimation schemes in conjunction with the KCM or numerical simulations are compared with the predictions based on low blow fracture tests.     

Transferability of Charpy Absorbed Energy to Fracture Toughness Based on Weibull Stress Criterion

The relationship between Charpy absorbed energy and the fracture toughness by means of the (crack tip opening displacement (CTOD)) method was analyzed based on the Weibull stress criterion. The Charpy absorbed energy and the fracture toughness were measured for the SN490B steel under the ductile-brittle transition temperature region. For the instrumented Charpy impact test, the curves between the loading point displacement and the load against time were recorded. The critical Weibull stress was taken as a fracture controlled parameter, and it could not be affected by the specimen configuration and the loading pattern based on the local approach. The parameters controlled brittle fracture are obtained from the Charpy absorbed energy results, then the fracture toughness for the compact tension (CT) specimen is predicted. It is found that the results predicted are in good agreement with the experimental. The fracture toughness could be evaluated by the Charpy absorbed energy, because the local approach give     

Characterization and measurement of the mode 1 dynamic initiation of cracks in metals at intermediate strain rates—A review

Dynamic initiation of cracks in metals occurs as a result of impact loading. In general, for the case of small scale yielding, the fracture toughness of the material reduces with elevated strain rate, whereas for large scale yielding fracture toughness increases with strain rate. The review concentrates on the modelling of the crack tip stress field at intermediate strain rates ( <100 s⁻¹) and on the micromechanical causes of the rate dependency of dynamic initiation fracture toughness. The validation of developed fracture criteria requires careful experimental testing, and problems associated with instrumented impact testing are discussed. Some results are given for 150M12 and 817M40/En24 structural steels.     

用仪器化的冲击试验系统评定材料的动态性能

由于仪器化的Ｃｈａｒｐｙ冲击试验方法简单经济，已被广泛地用于评价材料的冲击韧性。本文以引进的ＷＯＬＰＥＲＴ冲击试验系统为背景，详细地介绍了计算机辅助的仪器化冲击试验系统（ＣＡＩ）的原理和面貌，对动态断裂韧性Ｋ_（Ｉｄ）的测试原理和方法亦作了较为细致的描述。最后，指出了ＣＡＩ系统几个方面的用途。     

聚丙烯材料的断裂韧性研究

用仪表冲击的方法和系列冲击的方法测定了加入一定量成核剂的聚丙烯材料的冲击强度和断裂韧性（临界裂纹扩展力Gc）及其随成核剂含量变化的规律。结果表明,其冲击强度σ1和Gc均在成核剂0．4％的加入量处极大值。     

基于连续球压痕法的45钢强度与韧性测试研究

为研究在役设备的材料强度与韧性测试评价问题,针对工程中常用材料45钢,采用连续球压痕方法,获取了材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度与断裂韧性,通过与常规力学性能试验结果比较,对该方法的可靠性进行了验证。通过研究球压头下压产生的塑性功,与冲击启裂能及断裂韧性之间的关联关系,建立基于仪器化球压痕测试技术的冲击韧性估算评估方法。试验结果表明,利用连续球压痕方法获取的屈服强度、抗拉强度与实际结果的偏差均小于10%,断裂韧性值与试验结果的偏差为12.3%,计算结果在试验值偏差数据范围内。利用连续球压痕技术,建立的断裂韧性与冲击韧性之间的关联公式,所预测的冲击韧性结果与仪器化冲击试验值具有较好的一致性,为在役设备材料的韧性快速评价提供了有效的测试方法。      

高强度桥梁用宽厚板断裂韧性分析

利用示波冲击试验及断口分析的方法对500MPa级桥梁用钢的断裂韧性进行了研究。结果表明：随着温度的降低,冲击总能量Wt和裂纹扩展能量Wp均在减小,裂纹形成能量Wi变化不明显,试样钢的韧一脆转变温度约在-40℃左右。随着温度的降低,材料的断裂方式由最初的韧性断裂转变为胞】生断裂,断裂机理由微孔聚集的韧窝断裂转变为穿晶解理断裂。     

Bruchmechanische Analyse des Zähigkeitsverhaltens von teilchengefüllten Thermoplasten

Fracture Mechanic Analysis of Toughness Behaviour of Filled Thermoplastics For determination of toughness properties of filled thermoplastics the instrumented Charpy impact test has been used. The interpretation of impact load-deflection curves has been carried out with modern concepts of fracture mechanics. The change of toughness with increasing filler volume can be described for particle filled composites with the help of the J-integral in a suitable mode. The influence of filler volume, filler dimension and matrix type on critical J-integral and COD on the initiation of instable crack growth was tested. With the help of a micromechanical model to describe failure processes taking account of energy dissipative processes it is possible to calculate fracture mechanical behaviour of filled thermoplastics.     

Boundary effect on the softening curve of concrete

The apparent fracture energy of concrete experimentally determined on the basis of the work of fracture in bending or wedge splitting tests becomes larger with increasing specimen dimensions. This experimental observation may be attributed to the varying local fracture energy along the crack path. When the crack tip approaches the specimen boundary, the size of the fracture process zone will be reduced and, consequently, only a portion of the fracture energy is activated; i.e., the local fracture energy is getting smaller. The influence of this boundary effect diminishes with increasing specimen size resulting in the size dependence of the apparent fracture energy determined by the work-of-fracture method as an average value in the ligament. With varying local fracture energy, the local softening curve will also show variations. The latter are subject of the present study. Wedge splitting tests with different specimen sizes as well as inverse analyses of these experiments were carried out. For the inverse analyses, the cohesive crack model was adopted and an evolutionary optimization algorithm has been used. The boundary effect on the local fracture properties was taken into account and, as a result, the variation of the softening curve along the crack path could be determined. It was found that the tail of the softening curve is shortened and lowered due to the boundary effect whereas the initial slope of this curve appears to be not affected.