Motion error compensation of multi-legged walking robots

Existing errors in the structure and kinematic parameters of multi-legged walking robots,the motion trajectory of robot will diverge from the ideal sports requirements in movement.Since the existing error compensation is usually used for control compensation of manipulator arm,the error compensation of multi-legged robots has seldom been explored.In order to reduce the kinematic error of robots,a motion error compensation method based on the feedforward for multi-legged mobile robots is proposed to improve motion precision of a mobile robot.The locus error of a robot body is measured,when robot moves along a given track.Error of driven joint variables is obtained by error calculation model in terms of the locus error of robot body.Error value is used to compensate driven joint variables and modify control model of robot,which can drive the robots following control model modified.The model of the relation between robot’s locus errors and kinematic variables errors is set up to achieve the kinematic error compensation.On the basis of the inverse kinematics of a multi-legged walking robot,the relation between error of the motion trajectory and driven joint variables of robots is discussed.Moreover,the equation set is obtained,which expresses relation among error of driven joint variables,structure parameters and error of robot’s locus.Take MiniQuad as an example,when the robot MiniQuad moves following beeline tread,motion error compensation is studied.The actual locus errors of the robot body are measured before and after compensation in the test.According to the test,variations of the actual coordinate value of the robot centroid in x-direction and z-direction are reduced more than one time.The kinematic errors of robot body are reduced effectively by the use of the motion error compensation method based on the feedforward.     

Compliance error calibration for robot based on statistical properties of single joint

This paper focuses on compliance error calibration. Because kinematic parameter error is the main error of a robot, we should first compensate for it. And because the compliance errors of some joints are too small, not all joints should be compensated for he compliance errors. We rotate the single joint along its axis locked other joints to obtain the statistical properties of all joints. The compliance errors are induced by gravity and elastostatic. This paper presents a mapping from the compliance error onto the joint variable vector; on the other hand, it utilized a method to transform the robot compliance error from the laser tracker system frame to the robot frame. The main attention is paid to analyze each joint compliance error using a single axis rotating by laser tracking system. To compensate the compliance error, we divided this problem into three sequential subtasks: identifying the robot compliance matrix, computing the compliance error of gravity without external loading, compensating compliance errors of elastostatic error on external loading.

     

Plane kinematic calibration method for industrial robot based on dynamic measurement of double ball bar

A new calibration method is proposed to improve the circular plane kinematic accuracy of industrial robot by using dynamic measurement of double ball bar (DBB). The kinematic model of robot is established by the MDH (Modified Denavit-Hartenberg) method. The error mapping relationship between the motion error of end-effector and the kinematic parameter error of each axis is calculated through the Jacobian iterative method. In order to identify the validity of the MDH parameter errors, distance errors and angle errors of each joint axis were simulated by three orders of magnitude respectively. After multiple iterations, the average value of kinematic error modulus of end-effector was reduced to nanometer range. Experiments were conducted on an industrial robot (EPSON C4 A901) in the working space of 180 mm × 490 mm. Due to the measuring radius of DBB, the working space was divided into 30 sub-planes to measure the roundness error before and after compensation. The average roundness error calibrated by the proposed method at multi-planes decreased about 21.4%, from 0.4637 mm to 0.3644 mm, while the standard deviation of roundness error was reduced from 0.0720 mm to 0.0656 mm. In addition, by comparing the results of positioning error measured by the laser interferometer before and after calibration, the range values of motion errors of end-effector were decreasing by 0.1033 mm and 0.0730 mm on the X and Y axes, respectively.     

运用LMBP神经网络的黄瓜采摘机械手定位误差补偿算法

考虑到黄瓜采摘机械手结构参数的微小偏差可能会对末端定位精度造成较大的影响,因此,利用高精度三坐标测量仪P latinum FaroArm对机械手的结构参数进行了标定,建立了基于修正参数的正运动学模型,在此基础上对理想逆运动学进行误差分析,发现腰关节的角度误差远远大于位置编码器的精度。因此,提出采用LMBP神经网络算法求解修正后的关节角度,并将网络输出与理想逆运动学结合起来,达到补偿机械手定位精度的目的。为了验证算法的可行性,进行了仿真试验,结果表明:LMBP神经网络输出角度误差的最大值约为0.006 rad,能将末端位置误差从10.57mm补偿到3.77mm,大大提高了黄瓜采摘机械手的定位精度。     

Motion capability analysis of a quadruped robot as a parallel manipulator

This paper presents the forward and inverse displacement analysis of a quadruped robot MANA as a parallel manipulator in quadruple stance phase, which is used to obtain the workspace and control the motion of the body. The robot MANA designed on the basis of the structure of quadruped mammal is able to not only walk and turn in the uneven terrain, but also accomplish various manipulating tasks as a parallel manipulator in quadruple stance phase. The latter will be the focus of this paper, however. For this purpose, the leg kinematics is primarily analyzed, which lays the foundation on the gait planning in terms of locomotion and body kinematics analysis as a parallel manipulator. When all four feet of the robot contact on the ground, by assuming there is no slipping at the feet, each contacting point is treated as a passive spherical joint and the kinematic model of parallel manipulator is established. The method for choosing six non-redundant actuated joints for the parallel manipulator from all twelve optional joints is elaborated. The inverse and forward displacement analysis of the parallel manipulator is carried out using the method of coordinate transformation. Finally, based on the inverse and forward kinematic model, two issues on obtaining the reachable workspace of parallel manipulator and planning the motion of the body are implemented and verified by ADAMS simulation.     

多输出3D打印冗余并联机器人的设计与分析

设计了一种新型多输出3D打印机器人,该机器人机构以Delta并联机构为主构型,以Stewart并联机构为辅助构型,在末端执行器上布置多个打印头,实现多输出。根据建立的运动学模型,分析了该机器人机构的运动学反解,得到速度雅可比矩阵,解得各驱动关节的速度和加速度。给定动平台的运动轨迹,仿真分析了机构的运动协调性,并对机构的灵巧性与静刚度进行了分析。     

六自由度机械臂运动学分析与仿真

针对安川弧焊工业机器人手臂MOTOMAN-MA1400的构型特点,采用D-H法建立了机械臂的连杆坐标系,得到了以关节角度为变量的正运动学方程,利用Matlab进行正逆运动学计算以及机械臂末端点的轨迹规划。为了验证正逆运动学模型的正确性,直观地观察机械臂各部分运动情况,采用Pro-E建立了机械臂的三维实体模型。将角度变量值导入模型,开发了机械臂运动仿真平台。仿真结果与理论计算一致,从而验证了算法的正确性,并完成了机械臂的运动仿真,为机械臂在矿山领域的实际应用提供了理论参考。     

Laser tracker-based kinematic parameter calibration of industrial robots by improved CPA method and active retroreflector

Typical approaches to calibrate industrial robots are based on open- and closed-loop methods; the screw–axis measurement methods traditionally receive much less attention. Although the identification process does not guarantee the physical–mathematical link between the robot parameters in the first two groups of techniques, these techniques are generally more effective in reducing the global positioning error compared to the screw–axis methods. The third group of techniques acquires parameters based on the physical reality of the robot, effectively keeping the physical–mathematical link. This group is considered more appropriate than the previous two groups; however, it cannot reduce the overall error when considering the entire workspace of the robot compared to the previous groups. This paper presents a new technique to identify the kinematic parameters of an industrial robot based on a combination of techniques from the aforementioned categories. This new data acquisition technique uses a laser tracker with an active target, which maximises the angle covered by each joint and greatly simplifies the screw–axis measurement process. An identification procedure based on circle point analysis is also proposed, and the procedure evaluates the technique by obtaining initial values with a new formulation of the objective function of error based on mutual distances between the points captured in screw–axis measurements. This type of measurement also allows the eccentricity and backlash of each joint to be characterised independently such that local joint corrections could be made in combination with the identified parameters.     

Delta并联机构精度标定方法研究

以Delta并联机构为对象,研究一类含平行四边形支链的3自由度并联机构误差建模技术,所建模型可有效分离出影响末端姿态误差的几何误差源。在此基础上提出一种精度标定方法,该方法利用并联机构操作空间与关节空间非线性映射的性质,仅需检测末端沿z向的位置误差、以及在初始位形下的姿态误差便可识别出几何参数,并可通过修改系统输入实现末端位置误差补偿。给出算例以验证该方法的有效性。     

面向操作可靠性提升的复合工业机器人运动规划

复合工业机器人的应用能够有效提升智能制造车间生产效率.而在其运动规划问题中,基于移动平台调整的机械臂初始站姿直接决定了目标任务是否能够可靠执行.为解决以上问题,提出一种考虑机械臂初始站姿的运动规划优化方法.基于前期基础,采用旋量描述和切片表征方法分别解决了复合工业机器人运动学建模和最小避障距离建模问题,为进行轨迹优化提...     

基于模糊遗传算法的新型6自由度并联机器人精度综合

精度设计是机器人误差标定技术的重要手段，精度综合是精度分析的逆问题，涉及在工作空间中给定末端操作器的最大位姿误差后，合理地制定出零部件的制造公差及各关节的装配误差的问题。在精度分析的基础上，基于误差独立作用原理和原始误差等效作用原则，考虑运动副配合间隙误差和杆长误差，利用模糊遗传算法，以制造成本最小为优化目标，对6-DOF并联平台机构进行精度综合。该方法的求解结果能满足精度要求，具有实用价值。     

A multilevel calibration technique for an industrial robot with parallelogram mechanism

This paper presents a multilevel calibration technique for improving the absolute accuracy of an industrial robot with a parallelogram mechanism (ABB IRB2400). The parallelogram structural error is firstly modeled based on the partial differential of the position function of a general four-bar linkage and the linearization of the position constraints of the parallelogram mechanism, the model coefficients are fitted from experimental data. Secondly, an absolute kinematic calibration model is established and resolved as a linear function of all the kinematic parameters, as well as the base frame parameters and tool parameters. Finally, contrary to most other similar works, the robot joint space (rather than Cartesian space) is divided into a sequence of fan-shaped cells in order to compensate the non-geometric errors, the positioning errors on the grid points are measured and stored for the error compensation on the target points. After the multilevel calibration, the maximum/mean point positioning errors on 284 tested configurations (evenly distributed in the robot common workspace) are reduced from 1.583/0.420 mm to 0.172/0.066 mm respectively, which is almost the same level as the robot bidirectional repeatability.     

一种基于交叉耦合控制的串联机器人笛卡尔空间轨迹跟踪方法

针对串联机器人在笛卡尔空间轨迹跟踪问题,将交叉耦合策略和机器人运动学结合起来,设计了机器人在笛卡尔空间位置控制中耦合误差的一般性构建方法,进而提出了一种新型脱离动力学模型的控制算法.该算法不仅能保证单个关节的运动稳定,同时还可以保证所有的关节运动协调,使位置误差和耦合误差都收敛到零.最后,设计了基于HIT/DLR灵巧手笛卡尔空间位置控制实验,验证了该方法的有效性.     

Plane-motion approach to manipulator calibration

It is well known that identification of geometric parameters can significantly enhance the accuracy of robot manipulators. A number of different approaches to manipulator calibration have been demonstrated in the recent literature. A part of the calibration process that is common to all of the proposed techniques is the collection of a dataset that relates the measured position and possibly the orientation of the end-effector to the joint displacements for a number of poses. This data-acquisition step is usually the most tedious part of the calibration process. Accurate location of points on the end-effector can be quite time consuming to accomplish manually and the equipment for automated data acquisition is expensive. The purpose of this work, therefore, is to demonstrate a simplified approach to acquiring the data necessary for manipulator calibration. In the proposed approach, the only equipment used for data measurements is a flat plate and a test block mounted on the end of the robot arm. To demonstrate the method, a model and an identification algorithm for a PUMA 560 manipulator are developed. The data-collection process is described and the procedure is validated through a computer simulation. Finally, an experiment is conducted whereby data is collected for a PUMA manipulator and used to identify the kinematic parameters. The resulting manipulator model leads to a significant improvement in accuracy.     

空间机械手模型参数在轨标定方法研究

为了在轨辨识空间机械手真实模型参数,该文分析了模型参数误差来源,提出了基于遗传算法的空间机械手模型参数在轨标定方法,设计了关节变量误差和DH参数误差两组仿真数据对该方法进行验证。仿真结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够比较准确地识别出模型参数误差,有效地更新机械手运动学模型。与传统标定方法相比,基于智能优化算法的标定方法更具有广泛性。     

利用激光跟踪仪对机器人进行标定的方法

提出一种简单的利用激光跟踪仪和线性方程最小二乘解对机器人进行标定的方法。通过将机器人运动学方程线性化,建立机器人末端凸缘盘位置误差与连杆D-H参数误差的关系方程。利用激光跟踪仪确定机器人的基坐标系,并通过圆周法求解每个关节电动机的直线方程,进而可以求得机器人的连杆扭角。通过激光跟踪仪测量机器人目标点的坐标值,并通过串口获得机器人6根轴的角度值建立标定方程。通过求解此方程,获得机器人的实际D-H参数,并将此参数应用于修正系统的运动学模型,能够提高机器人的绝对精度。最后对解算过程中的误差和原因进行说明,并对机器人的误差原因进行分析,指出标定过程中需要注意和改进的几个问题。     

Kinematic calibration analysis of 3SPS + 1PS bionic parallel test platform for hip joint simulator

As the key component of the parallel hip joint simulator, 3SPS + 1PS bionic parallel test platform owns four degrees of freedom including three rotations and one translation. When the moving platform stays at a given translation position, the parallel manipulator can represent three-dimensional rotating gait motions of the hip joint for the purpose of evaluating the friction characteristics of biological materials. Because of the manufacturing and assembling errors, the actual structure parameters of the parallel manipulator are not more accurate than the theoretical values and its reduced simulation accuracy will bring the uncertain evaluation. So in order to improve the precisions in the design, manufacture and assembly of the parallel manipulator, it is necessary to calibrate the kinematic parameters. Considering the structural characteristics of the parallel manipulator, its error model and the corresponding compensation method are established based on the complete differential-coefficient theory. According to the constant values of two orientation angles, the orientation residual matrix is constructed by adopting the incomplete measurement method and the forward kinematics functions, so its cost function can be defined. The iterative algorithm based on the least square method is applied to identify the structure parameters and obtain their optimal solutions, and then the actual kinematic calibration process is simulated by numerical method. The simulation results show that the comprehensive orientation error after calibration is greatly decreased, and the effectiveness of the calibration method is validated.     

关节速度约束下六轴机械臂空间运动轨迹规划方法

六轴机械臂在空间运动时,极易因速度和加速度突变导致运动轨迹出现随机波动,无法做连续性的运动。基于此,提出一种关节速度约束下机械臂空间运动轨迹规划方法。从运动学正解和逆解2个方面对机械臂建模,利用上关节D-H法分析同一位姿下,基座与末端执行器间的总变换过程。将不同的关节转角组合,辅助后续最优轨迹规划。利用三次和五次多项式插值构建末端执行器的插值函数,以执行器在不同坐标下关节角度为参考变量,求得角度、角速度和角加速度的值,完成运动轨迹规划。仿真实验表明,所提方法的运动轨迹可保证机器人平稳运行,连续性得到提高,从起始点至终止点整个过程中都没有出现明显震动情况。     

基于自适应遗传算法的新型6自由度并联机器人精度综合

精度设计是机器人误差标定技术的重要手段,精度综合是精度分析的逆问题,涉及在工作空间中给定末端操作器的最大位姿误差后,合理地制定出零部件的制造公差及各关节的装配误差的问题.文中在精度分析的基础上,基于误差独立作用原理和原始误差等效作用原则,考虑运动副配合间隙误差和杆长误差,利用自适应遗传算法,以制造成本最小为优化目标,对6-DOF并联平台机构进行精度综合.该方法的求解结果能满足精度要求,具有实用价值.