钛酸锶钡(BaxSr1-xTiO3)陶瓷制备及其介电性能的研究

采用乙酸钡、乙酸锶和钛酸丁酯为原料的溶胶凝胶方法制备了BaxSn1-xTiO3(x=0．6)超细粉体,将BST超细粉体压制成型,进行烧结,得到(Ba0.6Sr004)TiO3陶瓷。通过热分析(DSC／TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3粉体合成过程及其相结构变化。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)描述(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3烧结体的相结构和显微组织结构变化。阻抗分析仪测量(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷的-50～100℃介电温谱。实验结果表明BaxSn1-xTiO3粉体的相结构为立方相钙钛矿结构,其合成温度及烧结温度分别为800℃及1250℃,均低于传统工艺的相应温度。(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷在-50～100℃温度范围内,其电容率随着烧结温度升高而增大.介电损耗tgδ在-50～100℃温度范围内,随温度的增加而降低。1250℃的(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷烧结体样品存在介电峰弥散化。     

溶胶-凝胶法引入ZnO-2B2O3-7SiO2玻璃对BaO-Sm2O3-4TiO2陶瓷性能的影响

采用固相反应法合成BaO-Sm2O3-4TiO2 (BST)陶瓷粉体.系统研究了溶胶-凝胶法引入ZnO-2B2O3-7SiO2 (ZBS)玻璃对BST陶瓷烧结特性、物相组成、微观形貌及介电性能的影响.结果表明,添加ZBS玻璃的陶瓷试样主晶相仍为类钙铁矿钨青铜结构的BaSm2Ti4O12,次晶相为Sm2Ti2O7.通过溶胶-凝胶法添加6％(质量分数)的ZBS玻璃,可使BST陶瓷的烧结温度从1350℃降低到1050℃,在1050℃烧结3h所得BST陶瓷介电性能优良:εr=60.17,tanδ=0.004,τf=-7.9×10 6/℃.     

Bi4Ti3O12掺杂BST陶瓷性能和结构的研究

采用固相法,利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试分析方法系统研究了Bi4Ti3O12掺杂量(质量分数,下同)(18％～50％)对(Ba0.71Sr0.29)TiO3 (BST)基电容器陶瓷介电性能和结构及烧结温度的影响.研究结果表明:随着Bi4Ti3O12掺杂量的增加,BST陶瓷的晶粒尺寸先减小然后增大.在BhTi3O12掺杂量的范围内,BST陶瓷的物相均为Bi4Ti3O12和BST的混合相,随着Bi4Ti3O12掺杂量的增加,Bi4Ti3O12相逐渐增多.随着Bi4Ti3O12掺杂量的增加,BST陶瓷的介电常数(ε)逐渐减小;介质损耗(tarδ)均较小(0.0050～0.0075),呈先减小后增大的趋势;烧结温度逐渐降低,当Bi4Ti3O12掺杂量为50％时,烧结温度为1090℃.随着Bi4Ti3O12掺杂量的增加,BST陶瓷的容温变化率(AC/C)绝对值在正温范围内(25～125℃)逐渐减小,容温变化率(△C/C)在负温范围内(-55～25℃)先减小然后上升再下降.当Bi4Ti3O12掺杂量为26％时,BST陶瓷综合性能较好,其介电常数为1700,介质损耗为0.006,容温变化率的绝对值小于15％(-55～125℃),符合X7R特性,耐直流电压为5.0kV/mm,烧结温度为1120℃.     

B2O3对BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2微波介质陶瓷性能的影响

为了满足微波器件小型化的需要,开发高介电常数的低温烧结微波介质材料成为一种趋势.采用复合掺杂低熔点氧化物来降低BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2系(BST)微波介质陶瓷的烧结温度,通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分析其物相组成和显微结构,用阻抗分析仪测量了陶瓷材料的介电性能.结果表明:在Ba4(Sm1-0.15Bi0.15)28/3Ti18O54的基质陶瓷材料中,复合掺杂3%的ZnO和2%的B2O3时,其烧结温度为1060℃,得到的BST微波介质陶瓷的介电性能为:εr≈64,tanδ≈1.2×10-3,τf=-8.3×10-5/℃.     

(1-x)PST-xPZT弛豫铁电陶瓷的介电与压电性能研究

利用高纯原料,先合成钨锰矿型ScTaO4先驱体,再与其它氧化物混合成形后,在1200～1300℃下烧结制各了（1-x）PST-xPZT（简写为PSTZT）弛豫铁电陶瓷。X射线衍射测试表明PSTZT陶瓷为钙钛矿相结构。随烧结温度和PZT掺入量的不同,PSTZT陶瓷中钙钛矿相的含量有所变化。PSTZT铁电陶瓷具有明显的弥散型介电响应特征,其介电系数εr,压电常数d33等随PZT掺入量增大而呈现上升趋势,随烧结温度的升高而有所增加。阻抗分析表明PSTZT陶瓷没有明显的晶界相存在。讨论了PZT掺杂对PSTZT陶瓷性能影响的机理。     

Li1.0Nb0.6Ti0.5O3陶瓷的低温烧结其微波介电性能

研究了以Li1．0Nb0．6Ti0．5O3(LNT)陶瓷为基体, B2O3-ZnO-La2O3(BZL)玻璃为烧结助剂的复合材料的低温烧结行为及微波介电特性．研究表明,BZL玻璃能有效降低LNT陶瓷的烧结温度,掺入10wt％BZL玻璃的复合材料能够在900℃烧结致密．XRD与SEM分析结果表明,添加BZL玻璃的样品烧结后含有LNT和LaNbTiO6两种晶相,其中LaNbTiO6相是LNT与BZL玻璃在烧结过程中发生化学反应的产物．在LNT陶瓷中添加BZL玻璃使材料的介电常数和品质因数下降,但有助于减小体系的谐振频率温度系数．掺入10wt％BZL玻璃的复合材料在900℃烧结2h后获得了比较满意的微波介电特性:介电常数k≈58,品质因数Q×f≈4800GHz,谐振频率温度系数τf≈11×10-6／℃．     

钛酸锶钡纳米粉体的溶胶-凝胶自蔓延燃烧制备及其介电性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶和自蔓延燃烧技术,制备了平均晶粒尺寸约20nm的Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3(BST)纳米粉体.将纳米粉体压制成形后进行烧结,得到BST陶瓷.采用XRD、SEM、TEM和LCR数字电桥研究了BST的结构、形貌和介电性质.结果表明,干凝胶自蔓延燃烧后,可直接形成分散性好、颗粒尺寸均匀、具有钙钛矿结构的BST纳米粉体.BST陶瓷压片经1250℃烧结2h后获得了致密的结构和相对较大的介电常数.粉体的结晶温度和烧结体的烧结温度均低于传统工艺.很明显,溶胶-凝胶自蔓延燃烧法在纳米材料的制备方面具有明显的技术优势.     

丝网印刷B-Li玻璃掺杂Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3厚膜介电性能研究

钛酸锶钡(BST)陶瓷材料在外置偏压直流电场作用下,具有高的介电可调性,可以广泛地应用于电可调陶瓷电容器以及无源可调微波器件的设计与开发.通过B-Li玻璃的有效掺杂,实现BST陶瓷材料与Ag、Cu贱金属电极材料的低温友好烧结,是发展混合集成厚膜电路的技术要求.主要采用丝网印刷工艺,在Al2O3陶瓷衬底上,制备了B-Li玻璃掺杂的Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3厚膜材料,并对其最佳烧结温度、物相结构、显微形貌以及介电性能进行了研究.结果表明,B-Li玻璃掺杂的Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3厚膜材料在950℃可以实现低温烧结,得到了厚度为20μm的均匀致密厚膜材料;相比于BST陶瓷块体材料,5%(质量分数)B-Li玻璃掺杂BST厚膜的居里峰发生了明显的弥散和宽化,介电常数显著降低;在室温和10kHz频率下,其介电常数为210,介电损耗为0.0037,介电可调性可达15%以上,可以适用于厚膜混合集成电路与可调器件的设计和开发.     

烧结温度对锆钛酸铅-铌镁酸铅压电陶瓷结构的影响

采用铌铁矿预产物合成法在不同烧结温度下制备组成在准同型相界附近的锆钛酸铅-铌镁酸铅压电陶瓷。采用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜以及介电温谱对制备陶瓷样品进行表征分析和性能测试。结果表明:所有陶瓷样品的相组成均为纯钙钛矿相;随着烧结温度的升高,陶瓷的相结构由菱方-四方两相共存转变为单一菱方相。对陶瓷断口的观察表明:随着烧结温度的升高,晶粒逐渐长大,陶瓷逐渐致密;陶瓷的平均晶粒尺寸约为3~4μm。制备的压电陶瓷在1 200℃烧结的试样峰值相对介电常数高达19 520,居里温度为310℃。     

Bi4Ti3O12掺杂对(Bi1.5Zn0.5)(Zn0.5Nb1.5)O7陶瓷结构与介电性能的影响

研究了Bi4Ti3O12掺杂对(Bi1.5Zn0.5)(Zn0.5Nb1.5)O7(BZN)陶瓷烧结特性、相结构和介电性能的影响.采用传统的固相反应法制备样品,X射线衍射技术分析相结构,SEM观察表面形貌.结果表明,Bi4Ti3O12掺杂能有效地促进烧结,提高介电常数ε,降低介电损耗tgδ,优化介电频率温度系数αε.1000℃烧结8%(摩尔分数) Bi4Ti3O12掺杂的BZN陶瓷具有较好的介电性能ε=192,tgδ= 4.21×10-4,αε=-3.37×10-4/℃.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.