离子渗氮工艺对液压柱塞用38CrMoAl钢组织和性能的影响

对液压柱塞用38CrMoAl钢进行了低温离子渗氮,采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计对处理后的38CrMoAl钢试样的显微组织、表面硬度和渗层脆性进行了分析。研究结果表明,相比于510 ℃常规离子渗氮,38CrMoAl钢经450 ℃×6 h低温离子渗氮后无白亮层产生,且XRD表明38CrMoAl钢表面无γ'-Fe4N相生成。同时,压痕周围无裂纹产生且硬度高于510 ℃×6 h常规离子渗氮。     

真空渗氮

渗氮处理通常指在低于钢的临界点Ac1,基体不发生相变的前提下,将活性氮原子渗入钢的表层,形成氮化物层的化学热处理工艺。氮化物具有高的硬度、热稳定性和弥散度。因而渗氮件能获得高的表面硬度、耐磨性、疲劳强度、抗咬合性、抗回火软化能力以及抗大气和过热蒸汽的腐蚀能力,并降低缺口敏感性。如38CrMoAl钢渗氮后表面硬度可达1100~1200HV(68~72HRC),光滑试样抗疲劳强度提高20%~40%,缺口试样抗疲劳强度提高1~2倍,高硬度可在500℃下长期保持或在600℃短期保持。当前渗氮新工艺和新设备不断涌现,离子渗氮、真空渗氮、催化渗氮以及复合渗氮等已应用生产。     

38CrMoAl钢空心阴极辅助离子渗氮

对38CrMoAl钢空心阴极辅助离子渗氮技术进行了正交优化,并对优化工艺处理试样的性能做了检测。结果表明,38CrMoAl钢空心阴极辅助离子渗氮的最优工艺条件为渗氮温度540 ℃、时间4 h,渗氮试样既可作阳极又可作阴极。经最优工艺渗氮后,38CrMoAl钢渗氮层表面化合物致密、组织均匀,粗糙度Ra值达到0.1 μm,表面光洁度能达到10级;表面显微硬度达到1100~1200 HV0.1,是渗氮前试样的4~5倍;渗氮层深度达到300 μm。     

38CrMoAl钢负压感应快速渗氮工艺及性能北大核心CSCD

利用自主研制的真空感应渗氮装置在38CrMoAl钢表面制备渗氮层,探讨渗氮压力对渗氮层组织与性能的影响,并采用SEM、自动显微硬度测试、滑动干摩擦及电化学极化试验等分析了渗氮硬化层的显微组织、硬度、耐磨性与耐蚀性。结果表明:经渗氮处理后的试样表层平整,白亮层、扩散层、基体之间过渡平缓。随着渗氮压力的上升,渗层厚度增加,渗层硬度、耐磨性先提高后下降,-30 kPa时表面硬度达到1200 HV0.025,耐磨性提高约5倍。     

Ti6Al4V无氢离子渗氮摩擦学性能的研究

以N2和Ar的混合气为气源，在Ti6Al4V表面离子渗氮形成渗氮层。对渗层的相结构、表面粗糙度、显微硬度及与基体的结合强度等进行了测试分析，并用球-盘滑动磨损试验机对渗层的摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明：在N2／Ar=1：1，900℃的渗氮条件下，渗氮层主要由化合物Ti2N，TiN和氮在α-Ti中的固溶体α相等相组成；渗氮后试样的表面粗糙度增大；渗氮层的硬度较基材Ti6Al4V有很大提高，且与基体间有较好的结合强度；在球-盘滑动磨损试验中，渗氮层无减摩效果，但其耐磨性较基材Ti6Al4V大大增强。     

表面改性技术对38CrMoAl钢组织与性能的影响

对38CrMoAl钢进行碳氮共渗、氮碳共渗和脉冲真空渗氮处理,研究了表面改性后钢的显微组织、表面相结构、硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,碳氮共渗试样表面组织为回火马氏体;氮碳共渗试样表面组织为Fe24N10化合物;脉冲真空渗氮试样表面组织为Fe2-3N化合物。脉冲真空渗氮试样的表面硬度最高(1 026 HV),磨损量最少;氮碳共渗试样的耐腐蚀性能最好,其锈蚀等级为4级。     

钛合金离子渗氮工艺研究

研究了Ti-6A1-4V(TC4)钛合金经不同温度和时间离子渗氮后渗层的表面硬度、深度和显微组织。结果表明,在H2∶N2比为3∶1的气氛中经860～900℃、8～10 h离子渗氮后,渗层深度为0.20～0.25 mm,表面硬度为900～1341 HV0.1,渗层组织由δ-TiN、ε相和氮在α+β内的固溶体组成。     

离子渗氮的质量控制

用LD－100型离子渗氮炉对泵的轴、套、盘、环等进行渗氮。使用材料为38CrMoAl、35CrMo、45、40Cr、1Cr13、2Cr13、1Cr18Ni9Ti、CuMo钢和球铁。渗氮件表面呈银白色，渗层脆性为1级。抽样检查结果如图1。为了控制离子廖氮质量，应注意以下几个方面。1零件准备（1）调质处理其目的是作组织准备，使零件基体为回火索氏体组织，以提高基体强度和韧性及疲劳性能。实践表明，调质比未调质的试样渗氮效果明显。同样工艺条件下，调质后诊氛层深度可提高20％以上，硬度也有所提高。如38CrMoAI钢件520CX8h离子修氛，经调质试样渗层平均硬度128…     

稀土含量对38CrMoAl钢渗氮层性能的影响

为了克服38CrMoAl钢渗氮速度慢,渗层脆性大,稀土添加到渗氮气氛中只能作用于工件表面等缺点,研究了38CrMoAl钢中不同稀土添加量对渗氮层性能的影响,并初步分析了其影响机制。研究结果表明：稀土对38CrMoAl钢渗氮具有明显的催渗作用,且能提高渗层性能。原因是稀土加入钢中后,引起周围铁原子的点阵畸变,有利于氮原子的吸附和扩散,且稀土易与渗氮气氛中的氧结合,削弱了氧对渗氮的阻碍作用;同时稀土的晶粒细化、固溶体强化、微合金化也是其改善渗层性能的重要原因。     

脱碳层对38CrMoAl钢离子渗氮的影响

对表面残存不同厚度脱碳层的38CrMoAl钢塔形试样进行离子渗氮,借助显微硬度计、光学显微镜、扫描电镜等多种手段,对试样渗速、硬度及渗氮前后的微观组织进行研究。结果表明,在残余的脱碳层里存在较严重的魏氏组织;残余脱碳越严重魏氏组织越多;离子渗氮的渗速随着表面脱碳层厚度的增加先增加后降低;魏氏组织中大量的铁素体为氮原子扩散提供了快速渗入通道及形成大量氮化物的场所,在渗层表面形成大量的鱼骨状、网状、脉状氮化物,数量随着脱碳层的增加而增加,并且不断向渗层深处延伸。38CrMoAl钢表面残存脱碳层虽然有加快渗速的作用,但会增加渗层的不良组织,增加渗层剥落的风险。故38CrMoAl钢制工件做普通调质应适当加大加工余量。     

Effects of K2O-Li2O doping on surface and catalytic properties of Fe2O3/Cr2O3 system

The effects of K₂O and Li₂O-doping (0.5, 0.75 and 1.5 mol%) of Fe₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ system on its surface and the catalytic properties were investigated. Pure and differently doped solids were calcined in air at 400-600 °C. The formula of the un-doped calcined solid was 0.85Fe₂O₃:0.15Cr₂O₃. The techniques employed were TGA, DTA, XRD, N₂ adsorption at −196 °C and catalytic oxidation of CO oxidation by O₂ at 200-300 °C. The results revealed that DTA curves of pure mixed solids consisted of one endothermic peak and two exothermic peaks. Pure and doped mixed solids calcined at 400 °C are amorphous in nature and turned to α-Fe₂O₃ upon heating at 500 and 600 °C. K₂O and Li₂O doping conducted at 500 or 600 °C modified the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size of all phases present which consisted of a mixture of nanocrystalline α- and γ-Fe₂O₃ together with K₂FeO₄ and LiFe₅O₈ phases. However, the heavily Li₂O-doped sample consisted only of LiFe₅O₈ phase. The specific surface area of the system investigated decreased to an extent proportional to the amount of K₂O and Li₂O added. On the other hand, the catalytic activity was found to increase by increasing the amount of K₂O and Li₂O added. The maximum increase in the catalytic activity, expressed as the reaction rate constant (k) measured at 200 °C, attained 30.8% and 26.5% for K₂O and Li₂O doping, respectively. The doping process did not modify the activation energy of the catalyzed reaction but rather increased the concentration of the active sites without changing their energetic nature.     

Fe2O3-CaO-TiO2 体系下铁酸钙的合成过程及TiO2 和CaTiO3 的影响

为了确定高钛型钒钛磁铁矿烧结过程中铁酸钙的生成是受TiO₂还是TiO₂和CaO形成的CaTiO₃影响,首先利用Fe₂O₃和CaO的纯试剂合成了铁酸钙,并研究了TiO₂和CaTiO₃对钛铁酸钙 （FCT） 形成的影响。在Factsage 7.0软件进行热力学计算的基础上,通过在空气气氛下进行烧结,获得了在1023~1423 K温度范围内、不同烧结时间的不同样品。通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜-能谱分析等表征手段,对烧结样品的物相转变和微观结构变化进行了表征。发现FCT的形成过程主要分为2个阶段：前一阶段为1023~1223 K温度范围内Fe₂O₃与CaO之间的反应,合成产物为Ca₂Fe₂O₅,反应方程式为“Fe₂O₃(s)+ 2CaO(s)= Ca₂Fe₂O₅(s)”;后一阶段为1223~1423 K温度范围内Ca₂Fe₂O₅和Fe₂O₃的反应,主要产物为CaFe₂O₄,反应为“Ca₂Fe₂O₅(s)+ Fe₂O₃(s)= 2CaFe₂O₄(s)”,该阶段尤其是温度为1423 K时,反应速率显著加快,随温度的升高CaTiO₃显著增加。然而,Ti元素在铁酸钙中的固溶很难实现,TiO₂与铁酸钙之间的反应不是形成FCT的有效途径。随着保温时间的延长,CaTiO₃和FCT相界中Fe元素含量增加。FCT主要是通过Fe组分在CaTiO₃中固溶形成的,主要反应是“Fe₂O₃+CaTiO₃(s)=FCT(s)”。     

等离子球化制备球形CaF2/BaF2共晶粉末*

探究了使用大气等离子喷涂设备制备适合热喷涂使用的球形CaF2/BaF2共晶粉末的可能性。68%BaF2、32%CaF2粉末(质量分数)经过1 100℃真空烧结后,形成致密的块状氟化物共晶。机械破碎后的氟化物共晶经过等离子焰流重熔后得到了球形的氟化物共晶。使用F14-1流动性和松装密度测定仪测量球化前后粉末的流动性和松装密度。采用扫描电子显微镜,XRD表征球化前后粉末的形貌和物相组成。结果表明:球化后的粉末呈现较好的球形,球化后粉末的流动性和松装密度较球化前也有较大的改善:球化后共晶粉末的流动时间为55.20s/50g,松装密度为1.89g/cm3;另外,球化后共晶粉末还表现出良好的高温润滑性能:含有10%CaF2/BaF2共晶(质量分数)的镍基涂层在600℃和800℃的平均摩擦因数都小于0.3。     

In-situ TiB2 and Al2O3 formation by DC plasma spraying

In-situ plasma spraying (IPS) is a promising process to fabricate composite coatings with in-situ formed thermodynamically stable phases. In the present study, mechanically alloyed Al-12Si, B₂O₃ and TiO₂ powder was deposited onto an aluminum substrate using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). It has been observed that, during the coating process, TiB₂ and Al₂O₃ are in-situ formed through the reaction between starting powders and finely dispersed in hypereutectic Al-Si matrix alloy. Also, obtained results demonstrate that in-situ reaction intensity strongly depends on spray conditions.     

CVD deposition and characterization of coloured Al2O3/ZrO2 multilayers

Coloured Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ multilayers have been deposited onto WC-Co based inserts by a CVD process. Through physical as well as optical analysis of such multilayers, colour is believed to originate from interference. The coatings are obtained with good process reproducibility. It was found that the ZrO₂ process used in the multilayer, with ZrCl₄ as the only metal chloride precursor, results in a mixture of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO₂ phases. However by adding a relatively small amount of AlCl₃ during such a process results in ZrO₂ layers being composed of predominantly tetragonal ZrO₂ phase. Corresponding multilayers seem to have a more fine grained and smoother morphology whereas multilayers containing monoclinic ZrO₂ phase seem to be less perfect with existence of larger grains of ZrO₂ which are believed to scatter light and alter the reflectance of such a multilayer. In addition to this, such multilayers were found to be free of or with greatly reduced amount of thermal cracks, normally present in pure CVD grown Al₂O₃ layers.It is believed that, in the studied Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ multilayers, the observed tetragonal ZrO₂ phase is the result of a size effect, where small enough ZrO₂ crystallites energetically favor the tetragonal phase. However as the ZrO₂ crystallite size distribution is shifted to larger sizes it is believed that a mixture of crystallites with both stable and metastable tetragonal phases as well as a stable monoclinic phase is obtained. The proposed metastable tetragonal ZrO₂ phase may in fact explain the absence of thermal cracks in such multilayers through a transformation toughening mechanism, well known in ZrO₂ based ceramics.     

Preparation and characteristic of spherical Li3V2(PO4)3

Spherical Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ was synthesized by using N₂H₄ as reducer. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that single-phase, spherical and well-dispersed Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ has been successfully synthesized in our experimental process. Electrochemical behaviors have been characterized by charge/discharge measurements. The initial discharge capacities of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ were 123 mAh g⁻¹ in the voltage range of 3.0–4.3 V and 132 mAh g⁻¹ in the voltage range of 3.0–4.8 V.     

Preparation and properties of sintered molybdenum doped with La2O3/MoSi2

Sintered Mo with the addition of La₂O₃/MoSi₂ was prepared via the process of solid–solid doping + powder metallurgy. X-ray diffraction experiment, hardness test, three-point bending test and high-temperature tensile test were carried out to characterize the samples. The XRD pattern of a typical sample shows that the sintered Mo was mainly composed of Mo, La₂O₃ and Mo₅Si₃. Mo₅Si₃ was probably formed through the reaction between MoSi₂ and the Mo matrix. Densities and fracture toughnesses of both doped Mo and pure Mo were measured and contrasted. Sintered Mo with the addition of 0.2 wt% La₂O₃/MoSi₂ has the highest toughness, while more addition of La₂O₃/MoSi₂ has smaller effect on improving toughness or even embrittles Mo. The results of three-point bending test and high-temperature tensile test show that the bending strength and high-temperature tensile strength of doped Mo are both higher than those of pure Mo. The formation of Mo₅Si₃ improves the high-temperature strength. The La₂O₃/Mo₅Si₃ dispersed in the Mo matrix refined the grains, and thus strengthened the Mo matrix by dispersion strengthening and grain refinement.     

Modification of TiO2 nanorods by Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles for high performance visible-light photocatalysis

In this work, TiO₂ nanorods were prepared by a hydrothermal process and then Bi₂MoO₆ nanoparticles were deposited onto the TiO₂ nanorods by a solvothermal process. The nanostructured Bi₂MoO₆/TiO₂ composites were extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the Bi₂MoO₆/TiO₂ composites was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue. The Bi₂MoO₆/TiO₂ composites exhibit higher catalytic activity than pure Bi₂MoO₆ and TiO₂ for degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). Further investigation revealed that the ratio of Bi₂MoO₆ to TiO₂ in the composites greatly influenced their photocatalytic activity. The experimental results indicated that the composite with Bi₂MoO₆:TiO₂ = 1:3 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The enhancement mechanism of the composite catalysts was also discussed.     

CuInSe2 nano-crystallite reaction kinetics using solid state reaction from Cu2Se and In2Se3 powders

The reaction mechanism and CuInSe₂ formation kinetics using a solid state reaction from Cu₂Se and In₂Se₃ powders synthesized using a heating up process were investigated using X-ray diffractomy (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that the CuInSe₂ phase increased gradually, accompanied with a decrease in γ-In₂Se₃ with no intermediate phase as the calcination temperature and soaking time were increased. The reaction kinetics was analyzed using the Avrami and polynomial kinetic model, suggesting that CuInSe₂ formation from Cu₂Se and In₂Se₃ powders follows a diffusion-controlled reaction with an apparent activation energy of about 122.5-182.3 kJ/mol. Cu₂Se and In₂Se₃ phases react and directly transform into CIS without the occurrence of any intermediate phase and the size of the newly formed CuInSe₂ crystallites was close to that of the Cu₂Se reactant particle based on the TEM results, which indicated that the solid reaction kinetics may be dominated by the diffusion of In³⁺ ions.     

Mechanochemical synthesis of Al2O3-TiB2 nanocomposite powder from Al-TiO2-H3BO3 mixture

Alumina-titanium diboride nanocomposite (Al₂O₃-TiB₂) was produced using mixtures of titanium dioxide, acid boric and pure aluminum as raw materials via mechanochemical process. The phase transformation and structural characterization during mechanochemical process were utilized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analyses (TG-DTA) techniques. A thermodynamic appraisal showed that the reaction between TiO₂, B₂O₃ and Al is highly exothermic and should be self-sustaining. XRD analyses exhibited that the Al₂O₃-TiB₂ nanocomposite was formed after 1.5 h milling time. The results indicate that increasing milling time up to 40 h had no significant effect other than refining the crystallite size.