温度对金属镍电沉积中枝晶分形生长的影响

将分形几何与电化学原理相结合,通过改进的有限扩散凝聚模型(diffusion-limited aggregation,DLA),采用基于Microsoft Visual C 6.0编程,模拟温度对点电极电沉积结果的影响.以环形金属镍为阳极,石墨为阴极,用自行设计的试验设备研究了不同温度时金属镍二维电沉积生长的行为特性,并与模拟结果进行比较.结果表明:在保持电压恒定的条件下,温度对点电极电沉积的影响与采用DLA模型模拟所得的结果具有相似性,表明利用DLA模型模拟的结果对枝晶电沉积的试验研究具有很好的指导意义.     

分形结构二维金属镍枝晶的制备与分析

以环形金属镍为阳极,石墨芯为阴极,利用点电极电沉积法制备了具有明显分形结构的二维金属镍枝晶;再以平行板金属镍为阳极,石墨板为阴极,用自行设计的试验设备,通过喷射电沉积法制备了准二维金属镍枝晶簇。采用计算机软件,求得点电极电沉积和平行板电极喷射电沉积所得沉积物的分形维数分别为1.556387和1.753856。两种电沉积方法都适用于金属枝晶的研究。点电极电沉积过程中,电流随时间的延长而逐渐增大;平行板电极喷射电沉积过程中,电压随时间的延长而逐渐降低。     

点阳极射流电沉积中二维枝晶的生长

将分形几何与电化学原理相结合,编程模拟了点阳极射流电沉积中枝晶的分形生长。用自行设计的实验设备研究了点阳极尺寸对点阳极射流电沉积中,金属镍枝晶二维电沉积生长行为特性的影响,并从分形维数的角度对其进行分析。结果表明:点阳极射流电沉积中的枝晶也是分形生长的,随着点阳极尺寸的增大,枝晶簇的形貌向致密型转变,分形维数也随之增加,模拟结果与实验结果具有极好的相似性,从而有力地促进了枝晶电沉积的分形研究。     

析氢对电沉积镍枝晶生长的影响

采用点电极电沉积的方法,在环形电解池中用自行设计的试验装置研究了不同电压和NiSO4质量浓度时,析氢对电沉积金属镍枝晶二维生长行为的影响。研究发现,析氢对沉积产物的形貌影响显著,氢气的大量析出有利于枝晶产生分枝,使沉积物的形貌趋于致密。     

喷射电沉积枝晶生长数值模拟及实验研究

介绍了喷射电沉积的基本原理,并根据喷射电沉积原理对凝聚扩散模型进行了改进,对电铸过程中的二维枝晶生长过程进行了数值模拟,并进行了实验验证.结果表明,利用改进的凝聚扩散模型模拟得到的粒子簇与实验获得的枝晶相似度较高,用该模型来说明枝晶的生长规律是真实的、可靠的.随着粒子相对运动速度的加快,得到的粒子簇的形貌由疏松分枝逐步发展为致密结构;在不同的粒子数目模拟枝晶图中表现出了明显的屏蔽效应;结合概率越小,粒子越容易进入内层生长点,使枝晶结构较致密;喷射高度对枝晶形貌的影响没有明显规律,波动性很强.     

基于改进扩散限制凝聚模型的点电极金属二维分形生长模拟

采用VB编程软件对传统扩散限制凝聚模型进行改进,通过改变特定漂移概率下的粒子数和运动步长,模拟点电极金属二维分形生长的过程。采用MATLAB软件对分形图进行分析时发现,分形维数随着粒子数的增多而逐渐增大,随着运动步长的增大而逐渐减小。模拟的分形图与特定条件下铜电沉积物的形貌较为吻合,分形维数相近,说明通过计算机模拟点电极金属二维分形生长是可行的。     

喷射电沉积枝晶生长的分形研究

结合分形几何基本理论,通过改进分形的典型模型--DLA生长模型,用VB语言编写程序,对电沉积过程中不同离子沉积速率以及不同的沉积时间生成的沉积物的形貌进行了模拟.模拟结果与扁平形喷嘴的沉积物的形貌相吻合.结果表明:粒子移动速度增加,生成的粒子团簇形貌有由疏松分枝发展为致密结构的生长趋势.随着沉积过程的进行,沉积粒子的结构逐渐趋于稳定.     

喷射电沉积镍枝晶基础工艺研究

利用喷射电沉积工艺制备镍枝晶。试验在大电流脉冲电源作用下,通过改变溶液流量、电流、沉积时间、喷嘴与阴极距离,观察沉积物形态,研究各个参数对电沉积的影响。结果表明,随着溶液流量变大,阴极上长高的枝状晶根数变少,宏观上更疏松;随着电流增大,沉积形貌由圆柱体逐渐向倒圆锥过渡;沉积速度开始较慢,逐渐增加,最后保持稳定;喷嘴与阴极距离都对沉积物形态产生明显影响,试验测出了一个中间距离,在这个距离附近,沉积形状最接近圆柱。     

基于相场方法的铀枝晶生长电化学-流场耦合研究

铀枝晶生长是导致乏燃料后处理电解精炼装置发生意外短路的潜在威胁因素,同时会使铀产物夹杂大量熔盐,影响产物纯度。为了更好地理解铀枝晶生长的微观机理,掌握阴极沉积形貌的控制方法,基于相场方法建立了铀在阴极的电沉积模型,研究了铀枝晶的底部沉积宽度、主枝晶干高度和总沉积面积等形貌参数对流场速度变化的依赖规律。发现外加流场的引入会使铀枝晶的底部沉积宽度降低37.18%,主枝晶干高度降低30.5%,总沉积面积降低49.3%。说明外加流场可以抑制铀枝晶生长,改善铀沉积形貌,但同时也会使破碎的枝晶须重新溶解到熔盐体系中,降低铀电解精炼效率。另外,通过对流场与电解电压、初始浓度等沉积条件耦合影响下铀枝晶形貌特征相图的分析可知,在实际电解精炼过程中,应在保证电解精炼效率的基础上尽量选择高初始浓度和高电解电压的沉积条件,同时设置合理的流场速度以获得理想的铀枝晶沉积形貌。     

多孔金属连续电沉积数学模型

采用电沉积方法制备连续多孔金属,通过把电流密度随时间的变化转换为镀区内的位置分布,建立了稳恒状态下高孔率带状多孔金属连续电沉积动态模型,推导出表观电流密度分布的数学表达式.并在多孔金属镍实际制备过程中对模型进行了验证,结果表明带状多孔金属与阳极配置满足一定角度时,实现阴极表观电流密度恒定,镍的结晶细致.这一工作为电沉积法制备多孔金属的在线控制提供了理论依据.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.