竖直双U型埋管地热换热器支管间热短路分析

采用地热换热器准三维传热模型和数值计算的方法,对竖直双U型埋管地热换热器支管间的热短路进行了分析,讨论了管间距和回灌材料的导热系数对热短路的影响,并提出了减少热短路的措施。     

竖直U型管地热换热器的准三维传热模型

在地热换热器原有研究工作的基础上，进一步考虑流体工质在钻孔深度方向上的温度分布，分析竖直埋管地热换热器钻孔内的传热过程，导出了竖直埋管地热换热器效能的解析式。由此，可以抛弃以往简化模型当中的不合理假设，为地热换热器的设计和模拟提供了更加精确合理的理论基础和计算方法。     

地热换热器U型埋管的传热模型及热阻计算

讨论了地源热泵地热换热器竖直U型埋管钻孔内的二维稳态传热模型。基于钻孔内的温度场的二维解析解，得出钻孔热阻表达式。分析了影响钻孔热阻的几个相关因素，通过与一维简化模型得到的钻孔热阻相比较，认为采用二维模型可以为工程设计提供更准确可靠的热阻数据。     

多供一回中心回水管竖直埋管换热器换热性能的数值模拟

为改善竖直地埋管换热性能,提高钻井换热效率和减少热回流损失,提出多供一回中心回水管竖直埋管形式。使用Gambit软件建立单U、双U及多供一回竖直埋管换热器与周围岩土体换热的物理模型并进行网格划分,用Fluent软件进行数值计算,对比分析不同流速下单U、双U及多供一回中心回水管竖直埋管换热器的换热性能,结果表明:多供一回换热器换热效果较单双U有较明显提高;在适宜流速下多供一回换热器可代替单双U换热器;多供一回换热器更适合间歇运行工况。     

竖直埋管地热换热器的设计

为优化地热换热器的设计，利用地源热泵换热器设计专用软件，结合实际工程，对竖直U型埋管地热换热器设计的不同方案作了比较，对主要影响因素进行了分析，从技术和经济两方面阐明了地热换热器设计时应考虑的主要因素及设计方法。     

竖直埋管地热换热器的设计

为优化地热换热器的设计，利用地源热泵地热换热器设计专用软件，结合实际工程，对竖直U型埋管地热换热器设计的不同方案作了比较，对主要影响因素进行了分析，从技术和经济两方面阐明了地热换热器设计时应考虑的主要因素及设计方法。     

不同形式地埋管换热器运行性能影响因素研究

为研究单U和双U地埋管换热器运行性能的影响因素,运用能耗模拟软件TRNSYS建立地埋管换热器模型对其运行特性进行仿真模拟后,与实际工程数据对比,验证模型有效性,继而以换热器能效系数为评价指标,分别对钻孔深度、U型管两管间距和回填材料导热系数等影响因素进行分析研究,得到:双U地埋管换热器的单位延米换热量为106.72 W/m,单U地埋管换热器的单位延米换热量为86.39 W/m;适当增加钻井深度、埋管间距和回填材料导热系数对整体换热效果有促进作用,且在双U埋管情况下促进作用更显著的结论.     

形状因子法在垂直U型埋管传热分析中的应用

竖直U型埋管热交换器是地源热泵系统的重要组成部分。文章以能量平衡为基础,采用传热学中的形状因子法,针对某一常用结构形式的地埋管换热器热阻和换热量进行了数值计算。在此基础上,重点分析了钻孔深度、孔内的管间距、地埋管进水温度和土壤温度对换热器热阻和换热性能的影响,旨在为竖直U型地埋管换热器的设计和工程应用提供必要的参考。     

地源热泵系统施工技术

推广地源热泵技术对建筑供热和空调系统的节能有重要意义，经济合理地设置地热换热器是应用地源热泵技术的关键。重点介绍了竖直埋管地热换热器施工技术，特别对地热换热器的钻孔、下管和回填的技术要点和设备进行了详细阐述。     

单U、双U型埋管换热器换热性能与经济性研究

结合实际工程建立单U型与双U型埋管换热器实验系统,进行夏季排热和冬季取热实验。以单位井深换热量为评价指标对不同埋管方式的换热性能进行分析比较,得出排热和取热工况下,双U型埋管单位井深换热量均高于单U型。同时,分析了单U与双U型埋管换热器的经济成本构成,采用投资成本指标、静态投资成本差值和投资成本比数等参数,从换热性能和经济成本两方面对地下埋管换热器进行综合评价。     

提高地能利用的强化传热试验研究

以太阳辐射积聚大量能量和冷热良性循环蓄集巨大能量的地下是一个庞大的可再生能源库，也是一项可充分利用的自然能量资源。该文介绍了在地源热泵系统中开展的地下100m和200m竖直井闭式循环传热的研究工作，提出利用地下螺旋芯管束新方法，加强旋流流动，提高地下换热能力。试验表明，在放热和吸热过程中，传热均得到显著提高。所提出的可控制间歇过程，将充分发挥换热井的换热能力，实现最少的井数布置，保证良好的地源热泵机组运行工况。     

A study on the performance of a geothermal heat exchanger under coupled heat conduction and groundwater advection

Being environmental friendly and with the potential of energy-efficiency, more and more ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems are being widely used. However, the influence of groundwater advection on the performance of the geothermal heat exchanger (GHE) in a GSHP is not still clearly known. In this paper, the configuration of a vertical dual-function GHE used in an integrated soil cold storage and ground-source heat pump (ISCS&GSHP) system, which charged cold energy to soil at night and produced chilled water in daytime in summer, and hot water for heating in winter, is firstly presented. This is then followed by a report on a mathematical model for the GHE considering the impact of the coupled heat conduction and groundwater advection on the heat transfer between the GHE and its surrounding soil. The GHE model developed was then integrated into a previously developed simulation program for an ISCS&GSHP system, and the operating performances of the GHE in an ISCS&GSHP system having a vertical dual-function GHE have been studied by simulation and reported. These simulation results, firstly seen in open literature, are much helpful to the design of a GHE buried in soil and widely used in GSHP systems or ISCS&GSHP systems.     

Heat transfer analysis of boreholes in vertical ground heat exchangers

A ground heat exchanger (GHE) is devised for extraction or injection of thermal energy from/into the ground. Bearing strong impact on GHE performance, the borehole thermal resistance is defined by the thermal properties of the construction materials and the arrangement of flow channels of the GHEs. Taking the fluid axial convective heat transfer and thermal “short-circuiting” among U-tube legs into account, a new quasi-three-dimensional model for vertical GHEs is established in this paper, which provides a better understanding of the heat transfer processes in the GHEs. Analytical solutions of the fluid temperature profiles along the borehole depth have been obtained. On this basis analytical expressions of the borehole resistance have been derived for different configurations of single and double U-tube boreholes. Then, different borehole configurations and flow circuit arrangements are assessed in regard to their borehole resistance. Calculations show that the double U-tubes boreholes are superior to those of the single U-tube with reduction in borehole resistance of 30-90%. And double U-tubes in parallel demonstrate better performance than those in series.     

同轴地埋管换热器岩土热响应试验研究

岩土热物理性质是影响地源热泵系统设计和运营的关键因素,对位于武汉市洪山区的2口不同深度的同轴地埋管换热孔分别进行48 h的热响应试验,并对同轴地埋管换热器内外管之间环形空间中的平均流体温度进行测试.根据同轴地埋管换热器的几何特性,以简便实用的方式测量同轴地埋管换热器环状空间传热流体的平均温度,结合同轴地埋管换热器钻孔热...     

Experimental performance evaluation of a closed‐loop vertical ground source heat pump in the heating mode using energy analysis method

An experimental study is performed to determine the performance of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system in the heating mode in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. The GSHP system using R‐134a as refrigerant has a single U‐tube ground heat exchanger (GHE) made of polyethylene pipe with a 16 mm inside diameter. The GHE was placed in a vertical borehole with 55 m depth and 203.2 mm diameter. The average coefficients of performance (COP) of the GSHP system and heat pump in heating mode are calculated as 2.09 and 2.57, respectively. The heat extraction rate per meter of the borehole is determined as 33.60 W m^?1. Considering the current gas and electric prices in Erzurum city, the equivalent COP of the GSHP system should be 2.92 for the same energy cost comparing with natural gas. The virgin ground in Erzurum basin has high permeability and low thermal conductivity. In order to improve the thermal efficiency of GHE and thus improve COP of a GSHP in the basin, the borehole should be backfilled with sand as low‐cost backfill material and a 1 to 2 m thick surface plug of clay should be inserted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a numerical model for the simulation of vertical U-tube ground heat exchangers

Vertical U-tube ground heat exchangers are a key component in geothermal energy utilization systems like ground source heat pumps (GSHPs). This paper presents a three-dimensional unstructured finite volume model for them. The model uses Delaunay triangulation method to mesh the cross-section domain of the borefield (borehole field), and consequently may intactly retain the geometric structure in the borehole. To further improve the computational accuracy, the soil is divided into many layers in the vertical direction in order to account for the effect of changing fluid temperature with depth on the thermal process in the borefield. The inlet temperature of the ground heat exchanger (GHE) is used as a boundary condition, and the inside and outside surfaces of the U-tube pipes are treated as the conjugated interfaces in the domain. Thus, the conjugate thermal processes between the fluid in the pipes and the soil around it and between the two pipe legs may be accounted fully. A comparison of the model predictions and experimental data shows that the model has good prediction accuracy.     

Evaluation of heat exchange rate of GHE in geothermal heat pump systems

Total thermal resistance of ground heat exchanger (GHE) is comprised of that of the soil and inside the borehole. The thermal resistance of soil can be calculated using the linear source theory and cylindrical source theory, while that inside the borehole is more complicated due to the integrated resistance of fluid convection, and the conduction through pipe and grout. Present study evaluates heat exchange rate per depth of GHE by calculating the total thermal resistance, and compares different methods to analyze their similarities and differences for engineering applications. The effects of seven separate factors, running time, shank spacing, depth of borehole, velocity in the pipe, thermal conductivity of grout, inlet temperature and soil type, on the thermal resistance and heat exchange rate are analyzed. Experimental data from several real geothermal heat pump (GHP) applications in Shanghai are used to validate the present calculations. The observations from this study are to provide some guidelines for the design of GHE in GHP systems.     

地下水流动对地下埋管换热器影响的实验研究

为确定地下水渗流对竖直地下埋管换热器的影响,该文从实验角度出发,分别对无渗流土壤、饱和土壤中地下埋管换热器热负荷对其周边土壤温度场的影响,有渗流土壤中地下水流速、土壤初始温度以及埋管热负荷对土壤温度场的影响进行了实验,从而得出在夏热冬冷地区或亚热带地区应用土壤源热泵时,宜采用冷却塔-土壤源热泵混合系统形式或将地下埋管换热器埋设在地下水流速较大地区,以期土壤源热泵的长期良好运行。     

分层岩土中地埋管换热器传热解析模型与分析

为准确预测地埋管换热器在分层岩土中的传热特征,采用分离变量法和格林函数法,基于单个圆环热源基本传热单元问题的解答,建立考虑岩土结构分层和横观各项同性特征的地埋管传热解析模型。该模型适用于工程中常见的垂直钻孔和桩基埋管换热器分层传热问题,具有较好的普适性。以2层岩土为例,利用模型解答对分层岩土中地埋管的传热特征以及分层参数对其影响规律进行研究。结果表明：均匀介质假设计算误差随作用时间的增加而逐渐增大,在靠近热源处误差更加明显,预测地埋管长时间温度响应时,应采用分层传热模型;在临界区域范围内,可用均质假设模型预测地埋管的传热特性,均质等效热物性参数取为对应岩土分层的热物性参数值;分层岩土导热系数对地埋管传热性能影响较大,岩土平衡温度随分层导热系数比的增大而明显降低;地埋管长度和直径的比值对地埋管传热性能有所影响,岩土平衡温度随长径比的增大而升高,且其影响程度随分层导热系数比的减小而增强。     

基于线热源理论的垂直U型埋管换热器传热模型的研究

基于经典常热流线热源理论,通过引入叠加原理、阶跃负荷及孔洞热阻思想将其发展为能够适用于变热流埋管换热与地源热泵系统模拟的变热流线热源模型,并与改进的经实验与理论验证的圆柱源理论模型进行了比较与分析。结果表明:所发展的变热流线热源模型能够有效地模拟地下埋管的换热过程,可作为地下垂直U埋管换热过程的计算模型,为地源热泵地下埋管换热器的设计计算及地源热泵系统的模拟提供了一种新的简单而又实用的计算方法。