玉米芯酶解糖化条件研究

测定了黑曲霉X-1菌株液体发酵制备的粗酶液中酶的种类,以及利用该粗酶液对不同植物纤维素原料、pH值、温度、底物浓度和酶解时间分别进行实验.结果表明:该粗酶液酶系组成为复合酶,除具有很高的木聚糖酶外,还含有较高的纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶及少量的纤维二糖酶.同时得到酶解糖化玉米芯的最佳条件:pH4.5、温度45°C,加入3%玉米芯粉酶解48h,糖化液中总糖达17.94mg/mL,还原糖达14.16mg/mL,糖化率达到59.4%.     

双酶法制备玉米芯还原糖工艺条件优化

目的:实现玉米芯的再利用与资源优化。方法:以玉米芯为原料,采用纤维素酶、半纤维素酶协同降解玉米芯制备还原糖,在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面法对双酶配比、酶添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度等工艺条件进行优化。结果:玉米芯降解产还原糖的最优工艺参数为:双酶配比(m_纤维素酶∶m_{半纤维素酶})13∶2,酶添加量3.25%,酶解时间5.0 h,酶解温度50℃,该条件下制备的玉米芯酶解液中还原糖含量可达12.45 mg/mL。结论:选用纤维素酶、半纤维素酶协同降解玉米芯高效定向制备还原糖,可实现玉米芯的高值化利用。     

不同原料酶法制备低聚木糖的研究及成分分析

对木聚糖酶的酶学特性进行了研究,同时以甘蔗渣、玉米芯、麸皮、啤酒槽为原料酶解制备低聚木糖并对其酶解液的还原糖含量和主要成分进行了分析。结果表明:该木聚糖酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH为5.0;同时在温度为40～60℃和pH为6的情况下,木聚糖酶具有较好的稳定性。在最佳酶解条件下,采用木聚糖酶酶解甘蔗渣、玉米芯、麸皮、啤酒槽中的木糖,通过测定酶解液中的还原糖含量以分析木聚糖的水解度,结果表明,麸皮中木聚糖的水解度最高,为21.19mg/mL;其它依次为啤酒糟、玉米芯、蔗渣。采用高效液相色谱法对4种不同原料的木聚糖酶水解产物进行分析,结果显示:啤酒糟的酶解产物中木二糖和木三糖的相对含量最高,分别为13%、26.7%,其他依次为玉米芯、麸皮、甘蔗渣。     

发芽燕麦酶解工艺条件的优化

利用燕麦发芽过程中形成的酶系进行燕麦自身的酶解,分别研究了酶解温度、pH和燕麦浓度对发芽燕麦酶解液中蛋白水解度和还原糖含量的影响。试验结果表明,发芽燕麦酶解液中蛋白酶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为5.0,燕麦浓度为0.20 mg/mL;淀粉酶的最适温度为60℃,最适pH为5.5,燕麦浓度为0.20 mg/mL。在上述酶解条件的基础上,确定发芽燕麦酶解的优化工艺为:0.20 mg/mL的燕麦酶解液在50℃,pH 5.0的条件下酶解3 h后,将酶解温度升至60℃,pH调至5.5,继续酶解至7 h,酶解结束。此时燕麦酶解液中蛋白水解度和还原糖含量都基本达到最高值,分别为12.18%和34.0 mg/mL。     

纤维素酶糖化水解荔枝渣工艺条件的优化研究

采用纤维素酶解的方法对荔枝渣进行糖化水解,以增加料液中还原糖的含量,进而提高生物质发酵的利用率。试验研究了酶添加量、酶解初始pH、酶解温度及时间4个因素对糖化效果的影响,先后采用了单因素试验和正交设计试验对糖化工艺进行优化,并经验证得出最佳工艺条件为:纤维素酶添加量50u/g、初始pH4.8、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间持续2.5h,此条件下荔枝渣料液中的还原糖含量可达12.41mg/mL。     

小龙虾虾壳蛋白酶解条件的研究

文章主要介绍了以单酶、双酶协同分步酶解虾壳、虾头,以脱蛋白率(PR,%)为试验的衡量指标,对pH值、酶解温度、酶解时间、酶加量等试验条件进行考察。结果表明:胃蛋白酶的最优水解条件为pH值3.0,温度40℃,酶加量0.2%,水解时间4h,酶解液中蛋白质含量为4.243mg/mL,脱蛋白率最高达53.9%;碱性蛋白酶的最优水解条件为pH值7.5,温度55℃,酶加量0.3%,水解时间4h,酶解液中蛋白质含量为4.855mg/mL,脱蛋白率最高达61.9%;双酶协同分步酶解最优条件为碱性蛋白酶酶解3h(pH 7.5、温度40℃、酶加量0.3%),胃蛋白酶酶解1h(pH 3.0、温度40℃、酶加量0.2%),脱蛋白率为86.1%,酶解液中蛋白质含量为6.715mg/mL。     

酶法制备豆皮低聚木糖的工艺研究

利用木聚糖酶酶解豆皮制备低聚木糖,通过单因素试验考察酶解温度、pH 值、时间、料液比以及酶添加量对酶解液中低聚木糖含量的影响,并在此基础上通过正交试验确立最佳酶解工艺条件：酶添加量0.3%、pH4.3、料液比1:15(g/mL)、温度40℃、酶解时间2h。该最佳工艺条件下,总还原还原糖含量为5.74mg/mL。通过离子色谱检测酶解液中的糖分组成,发现酶解液中的单糖以木糖为主,相对含量达到54.99%。     

超声波辅助复合酶法制备玉米芯低聚木糖

以玉米芯为原料,采用超声波辅助复合酶法制备低聚木糖。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对超声波辅助复合酶法制备玉米芯低聚木糖工艺进行优化。结果表明,低聚木糖的最佳制备工艺条件为超声温度60℃,超声功率300 W,由木聚糖酶和纤维素酶按照3:2的比例组成复合酶添加量1.0%,酶解20 min,料液比为1:15(g/mL)。在此条件下,酶解液中以玉米芯计还原糖含量为43.61 mg/g,可溶性总糖含量为75.01 mg/g,平均聚合度为1.72。     

纤维素酶法提取决明子粗多糖的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

目的:优化纤维素酶法提取决明子粗多糖的工艺,并研究决明子粗多糖的体外抗氧化活性。方法:在单因素实验的基础上,以酶解时间、酶解温度、酶用量、液料比及酶解pH为自变量,多糖得率为响应值,利用BoxBehnken响应面法进行工艺优化。以对DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除率的大小为指标考察决明子粗多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果:纤维素酶法提取决明子粗多糖最佳工艺为酶用量1.4%、酶解时间50 min、液料比24:1 mL/g、酶解pH5.4、酶解温度48℃,此条件下决明子多糖得率为11.67%,与回归模型的理论预测值11.91%误差小于5%。决明子粗多糖对DPPH自由基和羟自由基均具有较强的清除作用,半数抑制浓度分别为1.025 mg/mL和0.894 mg/mL。结论:纤维素酶法可显著提高决明子粗多糖得率,工艺简便可行,获得的决明子粗多糖具有体外抗氧化活性。     

黄精总皂苷提取工艺优化及其对α-淀粉酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

以黄精总皂苷得率为评价指标,通过单因素试验对纤维素酶添加量、果胶酶添加量、料液比、酶解pH、酶解温度以及酶解时间进行研究,采用响应面对提取条件进行优化,并以阿卡波糖为阳性对照,探究不同浓度下黄精总皂苷的α-淀粉酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:纤维素酶添加量0.4%、果胶酶添加量5.0%、料液比1:16 g/mL、酶解pH为5.0、酶解温度45℃、酶解时间2.0 h,总皂苷得率4.06%。当黄精总皂苷浓度为3.000 mg/mL时,其对α-葡萄糖苷酶最高抑制率可达74%,接近于阿卡波糖(0.5 mg/mL)的82%;当黄精总皂苷浓度为2.000 mg/mL时,其对α-淀粉酶最高抑制率可达82%,超过阿卡波糖(0.5 mg/mL)的80%。本研究使用的复合酶法提高了黄精总皂苷得率并证实了其具有一定的α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制活性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.