海洋大气环境下17-7PH不锈钢的接触腐蚀研究

 为了研究17-7PH不锈钢在海洋大气环境下接触腐蚀的防护问题,将不同表面状态的17-7PH不锈钢板状试样在青岛团岛和海南万宁进行1年的大气暴晒试验,对其宏观腐蚀形貌对比,并测定其疲劳寿命,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察暴晒试样表面腐蚀形貌,用光学显微镜比较腐蚀坑深度,分析海洋大气腐蚀对17-7PH不锈钢疲劳性能的影响,最后得出了17-7PH不锈钢的腐蚀防护措施。结果表明：在青岛暴晒的不涂漆17-7PH不锈钢试样表面色泽变暗,有均匀的细小点蚀,而海南的试样表面有大面积较均匀的褐色锈层,特别是17-7PH不锈钢与TC18钛合金连接处腐蚀较为集中,但腐蚀并没有降低其疲劳寿命;从暴晒试样的表面微观腐蚀形貌比较,无论涂漆与否,17-7PH不锈钢表面都有轻微腐蚀,但只局限于表层,点蚀不深,并且趋向均匀腐蚀;17-7PH不锈钢抗大气腐蚀性能很好,经钝化后可不涂漆直接在海洋大气环境中使用1年,而不会对其疲劳性能产生明显影响。     

外加拉应力对13Cr马氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为影响

采用电化学测试手段(开路电位、交流阻抗谱及动电位极化曲线测试), 结合接触角测试及体视显微镜微观形貌观察探究在80 g·L-1 NaCl溶液中拉应力对L80-13Cr马氏体不锈钢钝化膜溶解与再修复机制的影响.结果表明, 拉应力大小与L80-13Cr的钝化特性存在正相关关系.随着外加拉应力的增大, L80-13Cr马氏体不锈钢的开路电位负移, 电子转移电阻减小, 线性极化电阻减小, 反应速率随着拉应力的增大而增大.而L80-13Cr马氏体不锈钢在高电位下再钝化形成的钝化区会缩短, 自腐蚀电位降低, 维钝电流密度增加.接触角测试和体视显微镜微观形貌观察发现, 拉应力使得表面接触角减小, 不锈钢表面容易发生点蚀.外加拉应力使得L80-13Cr马氏体不锈钢的表面能增加, 促进钝化膜的溶解, 并且抑制钝化膜的再生, 导致材料耐蚀性降低.      

介质温度对耐高温铁素体不锈钢点蚀行为的影响

通过阳极动电位极化测试、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试及钝化膜电容测试等电化学腐蚀方法,研究了在不同温度的典型介质(NaCl质量分数为3.5％的溶液)中444铁素体不锈钢的耐点蚀行为及其影响规律.结果表明,随着介质温度的升高,444铁素体不锈钢的自腐蚀电位Ecorr和点蚀电位Ep均呈现降低趋势,而自腐蚀电流密度icorr增大,不锈钢耐蚀性降低.在不同介质温度下,444铁素体不锈钢表面钝化膜的半导体类型未发生改变,但是钝化膜中点缺陷密度随温度的升高而增大.此外,腐蚀形貌观察结果也表明,不锈钢表面蚀孔的数量也随温度的升高而增加.     

表面处理对海洋工程用316L不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响

316L不锈钢为常用的耐蚀合金材料,然而其在海洋大气环境服役时易遭受点腐蚀而发生失效。通过点腐蚀速率、临界点蚀温度、点蚀电位、极化曲线测试等评价方法,对经过不同表面处理(光亮退火、抛光、酸洗钝化)后的316L不锈钢的耐点蚀性能进行测试分析。结果表明,不同表面处理对316L不锈钢的临界点蚀温度影响不大,但会使点腐蚀速率、点蚀电位有所差异;在测试条件下,抛光及酸洗钝化均可有效提高316L不锈钢的耐点蚀性能,其中酸洗钝化态的耐点蚀性能最好,因此建议对海洋工程用316L不锈钢产品在使用前进行酸洗钝化处理。     

黄铜表面富植酸钝化工艺研究

采用植酸(50%,质量分数)8 ml.L-1,双氧水(30%,质量分数)30 ml.L-1,硼酸5 g.L-1,聚乙二醇15 ml.L-1,添加剂4 g.L-1钝化液对冷轧HAl72-2.5-1黄铜带材进行钝化处理,探讨工艺条件(钝化温度、钝化时间和钝化液pH值)对富植酸钝化膜耐蚀性的影响。通过硝酸溶液点滴腐蚀试验对黄铜表面富植酸钝化膜的耐腐蚀性能进行研究。结果表明,富植酸钝化膜的最佳工艺条件为:钝化温度范围是35～40℃,pH值为2.5,钝化时间为60 s。SEM微观形貌显示,膜层表面平整,结构致密。失重试验结果表明:经富植酸处理的试样的平均腐蚀速率为0.0054 g.m-.2h-1,与重铬酸盐处理的试样的平均腐蚀速率(0.0040 g.m-.2h-1)相当,比未经钝化处理的试样的腐蚀速率(0.0376 g.m-2.h-1)低的多,说明采用富植酸钝化处理能对合金材料起到很好的保护作用。经过12 h的盐雾法试验显示:经重铬酸盐处理的试样表面有较多的褐色斑点,表面颜色不均匀,而经过富植酸处理的试样表面为金黄色,只有少量的腐蚀斑,说明采用富植酸处理的试样比采用重铬酸盐处理的试样具有更好的抗变色能力。富植酸钝化液中不含铬,废液中不会产生铬污染。     

温度对13Cr不锈钢在高 CO2 分压环境中腐蚀行为的影响

通过高温高压电化学测试,获得不同实验温度下13Cr不锈钢的循环伏安曲线、交流阻抗谱和Mott-Schottky曲线,结合ZSIMPWIN软件和扫描电子显微镜分析,研究高温高CO2分压环境下,温度对13Cr不锈钢腐蚀电化学行为的影响.在高温高CO2分压环境下,随温度升高,13Cr不锈钢发生腐蚀的倾向增加,表面钝化膜稳定性下降,点蚀敏感度增加.     

304不锈钢在西沙海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为

采用扫描电镜、能谱、电化学阻抗谱和拉曼光谱等分析测试手段,研究了西沙群岛苛刻海洋大气环境下,经过不同时间暴露后304不锈钢的腐蚀行为和机理.304不锈钢在西沙大气暴露后的腐蚀类型主要是以局部腐蚀的点蚀为主,腐蚀产物主要由β-FeOOH、γ-Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄组成.随暴露时间的延长,不锈钢表面钝化膜的稳定性变差,点蚀数目增加、点蚀坑深度增大日.表面腐蚀产物覆盖率也逐渐增多.与其他部位相比,点蚀更容易在表面划痕处产生.提高表面加工精度,有助于提高其耐腐蚀性能.      

合金元素对Ti-5Ta合金耐硝酸腐蚀性能的影响

研究了Cr、V、Mo、Al等元素对Ti-Ta系合金在6mol/L沸腾硝酸中腐蚀行为的影响规律。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和电化学工作站等分析方法对不同成分合金的腐蚀速率、钝化膜形貌、极化曲线等进行分析。结果表明，单独添加Cr、V、Mo元素对Ti-Ta合金的耐蚀性能影响较小，而添加Al元素会大幅降低合金耐蚀性能；Ti-Ta-Cr合金的腐蚀速率最低，钝化膜致密度最高，稳定性最佳；Ti-Ta-Al合金在腐蚀过程中很难形成致密且稳定的钝化膜。对于Ti-Ta系多元合金，复合添加Cr、V元素有助于获得致密的钝化膜，添加Mo元素会降低钝化膜致密度和稳定性，Al元素添加量为1%（质量分数）时对合金钝化行为的影响不大。提高氧浓度会恶化Ti-Ta-X三元合金在沸腾硝酸中的耐蚀性能。     

Mo对TiC/316L复合材料耐蚀性的影响及作用机制

基于浸泡腐蚀实验和极化曲线实验,研究Mo对TiC/316L不锈钢复合材料耐腐蚀性能的影响,分析Mo在该复合材料抗腐蚀中的作用机制。结果表明:Mo的添加有助于降低复合材料在H2SO4溶液中的腐蚀速率,提高其耐腐蚀性能,因为Mo可提高不锈钢的钝化能力,在钢的表面形成含Mo的钝化膜;同时,Mo的添加可改善TiC/316L复合材料在NaCl溶液中的抗点蚀能力。与浸泡实验类似,Mo一方面以钝化膜的形式发挥作用;另一方面,Mo可促进复合材料的致密化,对Cl-离子的侵蚀起到一定的阻碍作用。     

Ti35合金在沸腾硝酸中钝化膜及过渡层形成及组成分析

研究了Ti35合金在8 mol/L沸腾浓硝酸中腐蚀240 h后表面钝化膜及过渡层的相结构。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对Ti35合金腐蚀后样品的钝化膜和过渡层形貌、相结构等进行分析。研究结果表明,Ta原子优先与硝酸反应,钝化膜最终产物Ti O2和Ta2O5是通过逐步的化学反应形成的,Ta元素的加入能有效改善钛合金的耐硝酸腐蚀性能。     

Effect of solution pH,Cl~- concentration and temperature on electrochemical behavior of PH13-8Mo steel in acidic environments

The effect of solution pH,Cl~- concentration and temperature on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of PH13-8Mo steel in acidic solution was investigated by using the electrochemical tests,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The PH13-8Mo martensitic precipitation hardened stainless steel is in the passivity state when the pH value is above 3.0,below which the anodic polarization curves of the steel are actively dissolved.The corrosion current density gradually decreases with increasing the solution pH and decreasing Cl~- concentration and solution temperature.Pits are initiated on the sample surface in the presence of the Cl~- and gradually developed into uniform corrosion with increasing the Cl~- concentrations.Moreover,the corrosion is more serious with an increase in solution temperature.     

17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢表面防护技术研究进展

17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢具有良好抗衰减性能、抗腐蚀和抗空蚀性能以及优异的力学性能,在核能、海洋和航天等工业领域有广泛应用。由于长期服役于高温、腐蚀、冲击和摩擦的复杂环境中,17-4PH零部件表面受到水蚀、空蚀、腐蚀和摩擦磨损等严重破坏,亟需开展针对性防护研究。为此综述了目前17-4PH不锈钢表面防护的研究进展,主要从表面强化、表面改性和表面涂敷3个角度分析其优缺点、应用现状,并对其未来发展趋势进行展望。     

17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢表面防护技术研究进展

17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢具有良好抗衰减性能、抗腐蚀和抗空蚀性能以及优异的力学性能,在核能、海洋和航天等工业领域有广泛应用。由于长期服役于高温、腐蚀、冲击和摩擦的复杂环境中,17-4PH零部件表面受到水蚀、空蚀、腐蚀和摩擦磨损等严重破坏,亟需开展针对性防护研究。为此综述了目前17-4PH不锈钢表面防护的研究进展,主要从表面强化、表面改性和表面涂敷3个角度分析其优缺点、应用现状,并对其未来发展趋势进行展望。     

Stress corrosion cracking behavior of PH13-8Mo stainless steel in Cl-solutions

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of PH13-8Mo precipitation hardening stainless steel (PHSS) in neutral NaCl solutions was investigated through slow-strain-rate tensile (SSRT)test at various applied potentials.Fracture morphology,elongation ratio,and percentage reduction of area were measured to evaluate the SCC susceptibility.A critical concentration of 1.0mol/L neutral NaCl existed for SCC of PH13-8Mo steel.Significant SCC emerged when the applied potential was more negative than-0.15 VSCE,and the SCC behavior was controlled by an anodic dissolution (AD) process.When the applied potential was lower than-0.55 VSCE,an obvious hydrogen-fracture morphology was observed,which indicated that the SCC behavior was controlled by hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC).Between-0.15 and-0.35 VSCE,the applied potential exceeded the equilibrium hydrogen evolution potential in neutral NaCl solutions and the crack tips were of electrochemical origin in the anodic region;thus,the SCC process was dominated by the AD mechanism.     

工业海洋大气环境下阳极氧化6061铝合金的电偶腐蚀行为

在青岛典型的工业海洋大气环境下,进行硼硫酸阳极氧化6061铝合金与不同表面状态的30CrMnSiNi2A结构钢偶接件的户外大气暴露试验,通过电化学测试、腐蚀产物分析、力学性能检测、断口分析等,研究了偶接件中阳极氧化6061铝合金的腐蚀规律与机理.结果表明:经1 a户外大气暴露试验后,与镀镉钛结构钢偶接的6061阳极氧化铝合金力学性能最优,其强度σ_b和延伸率δ分别比原始试样下降6.45%和4.39%,远优于与结构钢裸材偶接的阳极氧化6061铝合金试样(分别下降10%和62.28%),略优于未偶接试样(分别下降6.77%和10.74%).沿晶腐蚀和表面点蚀是导致阳极氧化6061铝合金力学性能下降的主要原因,最严重的沿晶腐蚀裂纹深度达150 μm.青岛大气中的硫化物不仅会侵蚀试样表面形成硫酸铝,还会浸入到晶界促进沿晶腐蚀.      

Delayed failure of PH13-8Mo steel plated with AI-IVD

We have experienced failure of the bolts for aircraft made of PH13-8Mo steel. The failure occurred a short time after the bolts had been fastened for assembly of aircraft parts. These bolts had been aluminum plated with ion vapor deposition (IVD) process. Based on this trouble, delayed failure of PH13-8Mo steel plated with aluminum by IVD was studied to clarify the cause of the trouble. Sustained load tests were performed in distilled water with notched specimens made of PH13-8Mo steel on which aluminum was plated by the same IVD process as defective bolts. From the tests carried out on many heats of PH13-8Mo steel, aged at 783 K (510°C), the following results were obtained: (1) heats containing more than 1.16 pct aluminum exhibited premature delayed failure with a low stress level threshold; (2) the heats containing less than 0.025 pct carbon and less than 1.16 pct aluminum showed extensive scatter in the values of threshold stress; and (3) the heats containing more than 0.025 pct carbon and less than 1.16 pct aluminum did not exhibit the premature delayed failure even at high stress levels. From the measurement of electrical resistivity changes associated with isothermal aging of PH13-8Mo steel, it is evident that the low-temperature phase formed by aging plays an important role in delayed failure and formation of the phase is significantly influenced by carbon and aluminum contents in the steel. Microcracks were found to form on the aluminum film plated by IVD when stress was applied to the specimen. Therefore, a galvanic couple would be constructed between coated aluminum and PH13-8Mo steel with the presence of distilled water which penetrated through the cracks initiated when the load was applied to the specimen. Hydrogen necessary to give rise to the delayed failure is produced by the cathodically polarized condition. Notch toughness was also controlled by carbon and aluminum contents in PH13-8Mo steel; however, it is not thought that the decrease in notch toughness plays a significant role in the cause of delayed failure. It is particularly noteworthy that carbon in the steel is useful to prevent the delayed failure and to keep excellent notch toughness in PH13-8Mo steel aged to high strength levels. Y. ASAYAMA, formarly with Engineering, Nagoya Aircraft Works, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.     

High performance stainless steels for critical engineering applications

MIDHANI has been producing special stainless steels for different sectors. Production of these steels has posed challenges with respect to control over chemical composition, designing heat treatment parameters to meet the desired properties. The most challenging grades have been SS304L, 13-8 PH and 9Cr1Mo steels to name a few. The melting equipments were selected with utmost care and processing was done to meet the specified properties. In case of 304L grade in order to meet corrosion resistance requirements, elements like Silicon, Carbon and Sulphur were required to be controlled in very low limits. Production of 13-8 PH steels demanded that a combination of high strength and toughness are achieved. This paper highlights MIDHANI’s experience in producing these alloys and other special stainless steels.     

固溶温度对00Cr13Ni7Co5Mo4W马氏体时效不锈钢组织和耐点腐蚀的影响

通过显微组织分析、动电位极化曲线和均匀腐蚀全浸试验研究了00Cr13Ni7Co5Mo4W马氏体时效不锈钢固溶温度1050~1150℃对该钢组织和人工海水中的耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,固溶温度影响马氏体时效不锈钢的组织均匀性和晶粒尺寸,进而影响该钢的抗点腐蚀能力;00Cr13Ni7Co5Mo4W马氏体时效不锈钢适宜的固溶温度为1100℃,经1100℃ 1 h固溶处理后,其年腐蚀速率仅为1.09μm/a,击穿电位为300 mV。     

合金元素对316LN不锈钢的力学性能和点蚀性能的影响

研究了N、Cr、Mo和Ni四种合金元素含量的变化对核电主管道用固溶态316LN不锈钢的晶粒尺寸以及常规力学性能和点蚀性能的影响.随着N含量的升高,316LN的晶粒明显细化,其在固溶处理过程中晶粒长大趋势也减小.N含量的升高可改善316LN的力学性能和耐点蚀性能,但是当N质量分数达到0.20%时,其耐点蚀性能又开始变差.晶粒细化对316LN强度的影响远小于N含量对316LN强度的影响.Cr及Ni含量对316LN的晶粒尺寸及抗拉强度、屈服强度等力学性能影响不大;Cr含量增加可轻微改善316LN的抗点蚀能力,Ni元素对316LN的耐点蚀性能影响不大,但可增大钝态的腐蚀速度从而不利于钝化膜的稳定.随Mo含量增加,316LN的晶粒尺寸略有减小,强度增大,延伸率显著降低,耐点蚀能力改善.