机器人抓取运动目标的轨迹规划方法

本文讨论了机器人在抓取运动目标前的接近轨迹规划问题，给出了一种新的在平面上抓取目标的方案。这种方案适用于机器人接近作直线运动或轨迹已知的平面曲线运动的目标的轨迹规划。本文还研究了当目标沿直线以不同速度运动时机器人手爪要抓取它而必须达到的最小末端速度，最后给出了一些仿真结果。     

基于示教与视觉纠偏的机器人自动焊接方法研究

给出了一种示教与纠偏相结合的焊缝跟踪方法，用于实现机器人的自动焊接．针对传统的示教再现机器人，由激光视觉传感器测量实际路径与示教路径之间的偏差．机器人控制器根据示教路径和偏差，对焊枪的运动方向和位置进行调整，实现焊缝跟踪．利用六自由度机器人和激光结构光视觉传感器设计了实验系统，对所提方法进行了实验．实验结果验证了该方法的有效性．     

软体机器人手眼视觉/形状混合控制

当末端带有相机的连续型软体机器人进行作业时,由于避障、安全性等多方面因素,既需要末端相机－机器人系统的视觉伺服,也需要机器人的整体形状控制．针对这个问题,本文提出了一种软体机器人手眼视觉/形状混合控制方法．该方法无需知道空间特征点的3维坐标,只需给定特征点在末端相机像平面的期望像素坐标和软体机器人的期望形状就可达到控制目的．建立了软体机器人的运动学模型,利用该模型,结合深度无关交互矩阵自适应手眼视觉控制和软体机器人形状控制,提出了一种混合控制律,并用李亚普诺夫稳定性理论对该控制律进行证明．仿真和实验的结果均表明,末端相机特征点像素坐标和形状可以收敛到期望值．     

机器人柔性视觉检测系统现场标定技术

针对江淮车身厂的轿车车身提出了一种基于工业机器人的柔性视觉检测系统．通过控制机器人在空间的位姿变换,立体视觉传感器能够依次到达空间指定测量位置采集空间特征点的图像信息,并通过计算图像数据获得该点的三维坐标数据．利用双经纬仪和精密靶标对机器人视觉测量系统进行整体标定,同时完成了测试试验数据的采集及计算,取得了较好的测量效果．该系统柔性好、测量无死角,能适应生产线多车型检测的需要．     

一种基于运动的线结构光视觉测量系统标定方法

针对船体分段数字化测量提出了一种基于直角坐标机器人的线结构光视觉测量系统.通过控制机器人的运动,安装在其末端的线结构光视觉传感器对固定的平面靶标成像,实现了摄像机坐标系与机器人坐标系位姿关系标定;同时利用交比不变性原理获取平面靶标上的特征点坐标,完成了结构光平面参数的标定.该方法易于实现,通过对已知的标准工件进行测量实...     

拉线式机器人末端定位精度测量系统

设计了一种基于拉线式编码器的机械式测量系统,可用于标定机器人末端定位精度和轨迹误差测量,该系统具有结构简单,操作方便,对测量环境要求低的特点。该系统基于三边测量技术原理,通过LabVIEW开发的上位机软件同步采集机器人连续运动状态下的编码器实时反馈数据,经过误差补偿、分析处理后,可实时计算机器人末端执行器的位置、速度、加速度等性能参数,并对影响系统精度的因素进行分析,利用冗余数据对测量结果进行了优化与改进。     

用于机器人柔性坐标测量系统的视觉传感器设计

视觉传感器作为机器人柔性视觉坐标测量系统最重要的组成部分之一,直接影响测量系统的精度、适应性.针对机器人柔性坐标测量系统的需要,提出了两步法测量空间形状的原理和数学模型,设计了一种线结构光单目视觉传感器,对其测量结果进行了误差分析,并用实验的方法证明了该传感器精度适中,体积小,重量轻,可以满足工业现场在线测量的需要.     

人机协作视觉手部保护系统设计

针对人机协作中人与机器人共享工作空间时的安全问题,设计了一套人机协作视觉手部保护系统,并搭建相应的验证系统。该系统采用深度学习目标检测算法结合双目视觉技术实现对操作人员手部的识别与定位,同时利用手眼标定将视觉定位后的手部坐标转换到机器人基座坐标系下,通过计算操作人员手部与机器人末端执行器之间的距离,机器人自主执行减速、急停等安全策略。经实验验证:当操作人员在机器人工作空间作业时,通过检测手-末端相对位置关系,可以有效避免人机协作过程中机器人末端执行器与手部发生碰撞,达到了保护操作人员安全的目的。     

一种适用于移动机器人的障碍物快速检测算法及其实现

针对传统的用于机器人检测障碍物的算法存在的不足,提出了一种基于视觉传感器与超声波传感器信息融合的快速障碍物检测算法.该算法通过位十机器人头部的超声波传感器获取机器人到障碍物(本算法采用矩形障碍物)的距离信息,通过改进型快速直线检测方法和约束条件确定障碍物在视觉传感器所采集的图像中的直线边缘,根据成像过程中-三角形相似的...     

飞机蒙皮法线方向的视觉检测技术研究

为了实现飞机蒙皮上钻孔点位处的法线方向检测,从而为自动钻铆机器人提供刀具姿态调整的关键信息。本文基于结构光三维视觉测量原理,应用工业相机和十字线激光器等搭建了一套结构光视觉检测系统,通过工业相机获取十字线结构光在蒙皮上的投影光条来计算出蒙皮曲面的结构特征,并进一步解算出十字线结构光交点处的法线方向,从而获得蒙皮上钻孔点位处的法向信息。实验结果表明,该结构光视觉检测系统在多个钻孔点位处的角度单次测量极限误差≤±.12°,具有良好的重复性精度,可以满足飞机蒙皮钻孔点位处的法向检测需求。同时,该系统具有体积小、重量轻和成本低等优点,可以作为传感器单元集成于自动钻孔机器人的末端执行器上以形成在线法向检测系统,从而辅助机器人完成刀具姿态的控制与调整,进而提高飞机蒙皮铆钉孔的制孔质量与效率。     

Vision-based remote control of cellular robots

This paper describes the development and design of a vision-based remote controlled cellular robot. Cellular robots have numerous applications in industrial problems where simple inexpensive robots can be used to perform different tasks that involve covering a large working space. As a methodology, the robots are controlled based on the visual input from one or more cameras that monitor the working area. As a result, a robust control of the robot trajectory is achieved without depending on the camera calibration. The remote user simply specifies a target point in the image to indicate the robot final position.

We describe the complete system at various levels: the visual information processing, the robot characteristics and the closed loop control system design, including the stability analysis when the camera location is unknown. Results are presented and discussed.

In our opinion, such a system may have a wide spectrum of applications in industrial robotics and may also serve as an educational testbed for advanced students in the fields of vision, robotics and control.     

A vision guided robotic system for flexible gluing process in the footwear industry

This paper presents a novel gluing machine comprising a Cartesian robot and a vision system. The vision system enables the location and reconstruction of the shape of objects to be glued; the detected information is then used to plan the trajectory of the robot whose end-effector is a glue gun and to move the robot with an error suitable to industrial gluing operations.A calibration procedure that enables transforming coordinates between the robot frame and the vision system frame is described. The calibration considers several mechanical inaccuracies and its effectiveness was evaluated using error maps.In particular, the paper examines objects to be glued along their edges, as frequently occurs for fabrics, leathers, and shoe soles. For this, two procedures to plan the trajectories of the robot are proposed: the first is for objects that can be treated as flat 2D objects, that is, their height variation is negligible; the second procedure is for 3D objects, that is, those with significant height variation.Several applicative examples are reported to highlight the flexibility of the gluing process.     

Interactive robot trajectory planning and simulation using Augmented Reality

Human-robot interaction in industrial robotics has largely been confined to finding better ways to reconfigure or program the robots. In this paper, an Augmented Reality based (RPAR-II) system is proposed to facilitate robot programming and trajectory planning considering the dynamic constraints of the robots. Through the various simulation capabilities provided in the proposed AR environment, the users are able to preview the simulated motion, perceive any possible overshoot, and resolve discrepancies between the planned and simulated paths prior to the execution of a task. By performing the simulation, the performance of the trajectory planning and the fitness of the selection of the robot controller model/parameters in the robot programming process can be visually evaluated. Practical issues concerning the system implementation are also discussed.     

An algorithm for safe navigation of mobile robots by a sensor network in dynamic cluttered industrial environments

Mobile robots have been widely implemented in industrial automation and smart factories. Different types of mobile robots work cooperatively in the workspace to complete some complicated tasks. Therefore, the main requirement for multi-robot systems is collision-free navigation in dynamic environments. In this paper, we propose a sensor network based navigation system for ground mobile robots in dynamic industrial cluttered environments. A range finder sensor network is deployed on factory floor to detect any obstacles in the field of view and perform a global navigation for any robots simultaneously travelling in the factory. The obstacle detection and robot navigation are integrated into the sensor network and the robot is only required for a low-level path tracker. The novelty of this paper is to propose a sensor network based navigation system with a novel artificial potential field (APF) based navigation algorithm. Computer simulations and experiments confirm the performance of the proposed method.     

关节型工业机器人轨迹规划研究综述

关节型工业机器人凭借其良好的灵活性和高效率的工作模式被广泛地应用于现代工业自动化生产之中,例如搬运、码垛、焊接、切割等。轨迹规划是工业机器人运动控制的基础研究领域,决定着其作业效率和运动性能。工业机器人的轨迹规划是指综合考虑作业需求和机器人性能,在笛卡尔空间或关节空间内得出指导机器人末端执行器运动的轨迹。阐述了工业机器人轨迹规划的概念及其分类,就各个领域的轨迹规划算法进行了全面综述,包括基本轨迹规划和最优轨迹规划,指出了各类轨迹规划算法中所存在的问题和未来的发展方向。     

基于机器视觉的航空散热器智能定位钻孔技术

因某型航空散热器再制造的需要，需对产品大量的散热管进行重复的钻孔工作，为解决人工钻孔不便开发的问题开发出一种利用带机器视觉装置的工业机器人对散热器进行定位钻孔的技术。根据产品的特点选用了相应功能的工业机器人与机器视觉装置硬件，给出了智能定位钻孔系统的设计技术方案，建立了系统控制以及软件结构框架。通过最小二乘法对机器视觉采集的图像进行处理，给定了系统坐标标定的过程和方法,明确了机器人定位精度及视觉精度的计量方法。试验结果表明，该系统提高了钻孔效率和精度，可应用于实际生产。     

A hierarchical long short term safety framework for efficient robot manipulation under uncertainty

Safe and efficient robot manipulation in uncertain clustered environments has been recognized to be a key element of future intelligent industrial robots. Unlike traditional robots that work in structured and deterministic environments, intelligent industrial robots need to operate in dynamically changing and stochastic environments with limited computation resources. This paper proposed a hierarchical long short term safety system (HLSTS), where the upper layer contains a long term planner for global reference trajectory generation and the lower layer contains a short term planner for real-time emergent safety maneuvers. Additionally, a hierarchical coordinator is proposed to enable smooth coordination of the two layers by compensating the communication delay through trajectory modification. The theoretical results verify that the long term planner can always find a feasible trajectory (feasibility guarantee); and the short term planner can guarantee safety in the probabilistic sense. The proposed architecture is validated in industrial settings in both simulations and real robot experiments, where the robot is interacting with randomly moving obstacles while performing a goal reaching task. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed HLSTS framework not only guarantees safety but also improves task efficiency.     

工业机器人加工轨迹双目3D激光扫描成像修正方法

为了提高工业机器人作业柔性,本文提出了一种基于双目CCD激光扫描3D成像的“眼在外”(Eye-to-hand:ETH)工业机器人末端(tool center point, TCP)运动轨迹在线修正方法。以激光切割机器人视觉引导为研究背景,降低加工过程机器人对物理工装定位精度的依赖。首先,为提高机器人视觉控制精度,研究了目标工件双目3D激光扫描成像空间点云坐标精确提取方法;其次,融合ETH控制特点和扫描成像系统结构,建立了一种机器人TCP运动轨迹相对偏差在线补偿方法,并通过实验验证了所提方法的可行性,为工业应用奠定基础。     

基于ROS的智能工业机器人系统开发平台

目前,工业机器人对于机器视觉、自主路径规划等智能化功能需求日益增长.然而在传统工业机器人系统中添加智能化功能模块时需要修改大量的源码,浪费了人力和成本.本文提出的基于ROS的易扩展机器人系统开发平台,能为开发者开发智能工业机器人系统提供了方便.本平台分为服务器端和机器人端.将机器人端作为一级节点,与安装ROS的PC服务器端进行通信.机器人一级节点由二级功能节点与功能模块组成.根据此平台开发实现的JPB06六自由度工业机器人系统具有机器视觉、自主定位、语音控制等智能化功能,可以满足工业机器人对于智能化和实时控制的需求.     

Real-time control architecture using Xenomai for intelligent service robots in USN environments

This paper describes the implementation of a dual-kernel software architecture, based on standard Linux and real-time embedded Linux, for real-time control of service robots in ubiquitous sensor network environments. Mobile robots are used in active service for the assisted living of elderly people, monitoring their mental and physiological data with wireless sensor nodes. The data collected from sensor nodes are routed back to a sink node through multi-hop communication. The moving sink node installed on the main controller of the robot collects data and transmits it to the main controller. To be able to handle emergency situations, the robot needs to satisfy real-time requirements when processing the data collected, and invoking tasks to execute. This paper realizes a multi-hop sensor network and proposes real-time software architecture based on Xenomai. The real-time tasks were implemented, with priority, to rapidly respond to urgent sensor data. In order to validate the deterministic response of the proposed system, the performance measurements for the delay in handling the sensed data transmission and the trajectory control with a feedback loop were evaluated on the non real-time standard Linux.