P2P技术原理与应用软件

P2P的对等结构是互联网本质的回归，以P2P技术为支撑的网络应用目前席卷了整个网络产业。诸如BitTorrent、Thunder、Skype，P2P应用已成为当前网络技术领域的一颗明星。本文介绍了P2P社术基本原理和基于P2P技术的主流软件。     

P2P技术原理与应用软件

P2P的对等结构是互联网本质的回归,以P2P技术为支撑的网络应用目前席卷了整个网络产业。诸如BitTorrent、Thunder、Skype,P2P应用已成为当前网络技术领域的一颗明星。本文介绍了P2P技术基本原理和基于P2P技术的主流软件。     

From P2P to reliable semantic P2P systems

Current research to harness the power of P2P networks involves building reliable Semantic Peer-to-Peer (SP2P) systems. SP2P systems combine two complementary technologies: P2P networking and ontologies. There are several types of SP2P systems with applications to knowledge management systems, databases, the Semantic Web, emergent semantics, web services, and information systems. Correct semantic mapping is fundamental for success of SP2P systems where semantic mapping refers to semantic relationship between concepts from different ontologies. Current research on SP2P systems has emphasized semantics at the cost of dealing with the traditional issues of P2P networks of reliability and scalability. As a result of their lack of resilience to temporary mapping faults, SP2P systems can suffer from disconnection failures. Disconnection failures arise when SP2P systems that use adaptive query routing methods treat temporary mapping faults as permanent mapping faults. This paper identifies the disconnection failure problem due to temporary semantic mapping faults and proposes an algorithm to resolve it. To identify the problem, we will use a simulation model of SP2P systems. The Fault-Tolerant Adaptive Query Routing (FTAQR) algorithm proposed to resolve the problem is an adaptation of the generous tit-for-tat method originally developed in evolutionary game theory. The paper demonstrates that the reliability of an SP2P system increases by using the algorithm.     

P2P技术分析与流量管理研究

随着P2P应用的日益流行,P2P流量消耗了网络的大量带宽,已经影响到了互联网传统业务的服务质量。为解决这一问题,网络运营者和研究人员在P2P流量的管理技术上进行了大量的探索研发工作,主要有P2P流量阻塞、缓存和本地化疏导等技术。首先对P2P技术做了简单概述,然后分析了影响P2P流量分布的重要技术因素,之后综述了最新的P2P流量管理技术,最后做了总结。     

P2P畅想曲

P2P是一种技术,但更多的是一种思想,有着改变整个互联网基础的潜能的思想。     

IS-P2P:一种基于索引的结构化P2P网络模型

在分析无结构与有结构P2P网络结构的基础上,提出了一种新的基于索引的有结构P2P网络模型IS-P2P（Index-based Structured P2P Networks）.IS-P2P网络采用两层混合结构,上层由比较稳定的索引节点组成有结构索引网络,使用文档路由搜索机制,提供资源的发布和查找功能.下层由普通节点组成分布式网络.IS-P2P模型充分利用P2P网络中节点的性能差异,具有高效的查找性能,且能适应P2P网络高度动态性.进一步计算IS-P2P模型中索引网络路由性能、查询处理速度、索引节点索引数据库大小以及索引节点转发查询消息代价表明,IS-P2P具有良好的性能.     

结构化对等网络中P2P 僵尸网络传播模型

依赖结构化对等网传播的P2P僵尸是未来互联网面临的重要威胁.详细分析了两种典型的结构化P2P协议Chord和Kademlia的工作原理,在此基础上,使用数学建模的方法建立了结构化P2P僵尸网络的传播模型.该模型将Kademlia,Chord协议与双因子免疫机制、主机在线率等因素相结合,较为全面地研究了两种典型的结构化P2P网络中僵尸的传播机理,并使用软件仿真的方法模拟了节点超过百万时,结构化P2P网络中僵尸的传播行为,通过软件仿真得出的数据与理论数据进行对比,验证了模型的正确性.从实验结果可以看出:对于Kademlia和Chord两种结构化P2P网络,僵尸传播无论是双因子免疫模型还是结合双因子与主机在线率的模型,理论模型与仿真结果都非常吻合,体现了模型的准确性,为僵尸的检测与防御提供了理论依据.     

P4P:P2P产业可持续发展的必经之路

近年来互联网上P2P应用业务得到了飞速的发展,同时占用了大量的带宽资源造成了带宽吞噬。至此,点对点网络数据传输新体系P4P技术应运而生,能有效减少网络骨干线路的负载和提高ISP的网络效率。本文从P2P的发展困境引入,分析P4P技术原理并比较P2P与P4P的性能。     

P2P 流量识别

P2P流量的迅猛增长加剧了网络拥塞状况,P2P流量识别为网络管理提供了基本的技术支持.首先介绍了P2P流量的类别及流量识别面临的主要困难,然后综述了P2P流量识别的主要技术及研究进展,最后给出下一步的主要研究方向.     

P2P数据管理

P2P(peer-to-peer)技术是未来重构分布式体系结构的关键技术,拥有广阔的应用前景.P2P系统的大多数问题都可归结为数据放置和检索问题,因此,P2P数据管理成为数据库领域活跃的研究课题.当前,P2P数据管理主要有信息检索、数据库查询和连续查询3个子领域,取得了许多研究成果.在介绍P2P技术的优点后,指出了P2P数据管理研究的目标.然后针对上述3个方面,论述P2P数据管理研究的现状,着重讨论了P2P数据库查询的索引构造策略、语义异构的解决方法、查询语义、查询处理策略、查询类型和查询优化技术.通过比较,指出了现状与目标的差距,提出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

基于流特征的P2P流量识别方法研究

P2P业务流量在对互联网应用起巨大推动作用的同时,也带来了因资源过度占用而引起的网络拥塞以及安全隐患等问题,妨碍了正常的网络业务的开展.为了保证网络能正常有序的运行,有必要对P2P流量进行控制.但是,随着动态端口和数据加密技术的出现,传统的流量识别方法面临着巨大的挑战.简要介绍了三种主要的流量识别技术,并且比较了它们的优缺点.着重对基于流特征的流量识别方法效率低下的原因做了详细的分析,分别指出了引起误报和漏报的原因,并且给出了相应的解决方案.实验证明:文中方法能够有效提高P2P流量识别效率.     

Scalable P2P search

Although the traditional client-server model first established the Web's backbone, it tends to underuse the Internet's bandwidth and intensify the burden that dedicated servers face as their load increases.' Peer-to-peer computing relies on individual computers' computing power and storage capacity to better utilize bandwidth and distribute this load in a self-organizing manner. In P2P, nodes (or peers) act as both clients and servers, form an application-level network, and route messages (such as requests to locate a resource). The design of these routing protocols is of paramount importance to a P2P application's efficiency: naive approaches - such as Gnutella's flood routing, for example - can add traffic. P2P systems that exhibit the "small world" property - in which most peers have few links to other peers, but a few of them have many - are robust to random attacks, but can be highly vulnerable to targeted ones. P2P computing also has the potential to enhance reliability and fault tolerance because it doesn't rely on dedicated servers.' Each peer maintains a local directory with entries to the resources it manages. It can also cache other peers' directory entries. Important applications of P2P technologies include distributed directory systems, new e-commerce models, and Web service discovery, all of which require efficient resource-location mechanisms.     

P2P流量优化

基于peer-to-peer(P2P)技术的内容分发系统已成为互联网内容分发的重要形式,它能大幅减轻P2P内容提供商的分发代价,提高系统的可扩展性.但是,覆盖网络和底层网络的失配导致了网络资源的浪费,产生了大量的冗余流量,激化了P2P内容提供商和网络运营商(ISP)之间的矛盾.因此,如何有效利用底层网络的带宽资源,降低P2P内容分发系统对ISP网络的流量压力,是P2P系统得以良性和可持续发展的关键.本文综述了P2P内容分发系统流量优化的相关技术研究现状.从P2Pcache、位置感知技术和数据调度算法3个维度出发详细阐述了不同的技术在P2P流量优化中的作用,对各种技术进行了详细的综述和对比分析,探讨了各种技术的适用环境,指出了存在的问题和未来内容分发的发展方向.     

P2P traffic optimization

Peer-to-peer (P2P) based content distribution systems have emerged as the main form for content distribution on the Internet,which can greatly reduce the distribution cost of content providers and improve the overall system scalability.However,the mismatch between the overlay and underlay networks causes large volume of redundant traffic,which intensifies the tension between P2P content providers and ISPs.Therefore,how to efficiently use network resources to reduce the traffic burden on the ISPs is crucial for the sustainable development of P2P systems.This paper surveys the state-of-art P2P traffic optimization technologies from three perspectives:P2P cache,locality-awareness and data scheduling.Technological details,comparison between these technologies and their applicabilities are presented,followed by a discussion of the issues that remain to be addressed and the direction of future content distribution research.     

P2P soft security: On evolutionary dynamics of P2P incentive mechanism

This paper thoroughly investigates the evolutionary dynamics of soft security mechanism, namely, reciprocity-based incentive mechanism, in P2P systems based on Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT). By soft security mechanism, it means social control mechanisms to overcome peers’ selfish (rational) behaviors, and encourage cooperation in P2P systems. Specifically, there exist three strategies in P2P systems: always cooperative (ALLC), always defect (ALLD) and reciprocator (R). Instead of existing work which take it for granted that, like ALLC users, R users did not bear any information-seeking cost, we assume small reciprocation cost, and study generalized mutation-selection dynamics. Our contributions are threefold: firstly, we prove and illustrate that, in a well-mixed P2P structure, ALLD is the only strict Nash equilibrium; secondly, we infer the specific condition under which evolution dynamics exhibits rock-scissors-paper oscillation in a structured P2P population. That is, the population cycles from ALLD to R to ALLC and back to ALLD; finally, we theoretically illustrate that the intensity of selection plays an important role in the evolutionary dynamics of P2P incentive mechanism. That is, when the intensity of selection is relatively weak and reciprocation cost limits to zero, the time average can be mostly concentrated on reciprocator. In brief, considering the existence of reciprocation cost and the small mutation in P2P incentive mechanisms, unlike existing work, it is impossible to simply achieve the “absolute cooperative” in P2P incentive mechanisms. On the other hand, stochastic evolution in P2P incentive mechanism with finite population and network structure still favor reciprocation.     

P2PSimulator:一个通用P2P协议模拟器

点对点(Peer-to-Peer,P2P)技术作为分布式系统领域的一个新的热门技术,已经取得众多的研究成果。但是预想中的标准性基础构架系统并没有出现,研究者们设计了多种不同的协议,在不同的环境下进行试验,使得各个协议之间难以进行公平的对比评价。该文从自身的需要出发,设计并实现了一个通用的P2P协议模拟器P2PSimulator,一个跨平台、高效、支持蒙特卡罗方法、支持多种协议、高度可配置的通用模拟器框架,希望能够改变这种状况。     

一种新型P2P微支付协议P2P-BAPay

随着网络技术的迅猛发展,电子商务越来越频繁,电子支付技术也得到了广泛的研究和发展。本文研究的是在P2P网络环境下,针对P2P-NetPay微支付协议中商家不在线时经纪人工作负担过重的问题,通过加入经纪人助理BA,提出了一种基于P2P的新型微支付协议P2P-BAPay。在新协议中,经纪人助理BA为商家检验消费者电子货币的真实性,分担了经纪人在支付交易中的网络负载和工作负担,同时通过支付字链,能够及时发现消费者和商家的重复消费行为。协议中节点采用了匿名标识身份,在一定程度上有效地保护了节点隐私的安全。