镁元素对A5B19型La0.8-xGd0.2MgxNi3.3Co0.3Al0.1（x=0～0.4）储氢合金微观结构和电化学性能的影响

用高频感应熔炼法制备了稀土系La0.8-xGd0.2MgxNi3.3Co0.3Al0.1(x=0～0.4)储氢合金,并在氩气和1273K下对铸态合金进行退火处理,系统研究了用Mg部分替代La元素对合金微观组织和电化学性能的影响规律。合金相结构分析表明,合金组织主要由Pr5Co19型、PuNi3型、Ce2Ni7型和Ca-Cu5型相组成,随Mg含量增加,主相Pr5Co19型相含量先增加后减少,当x=0.15时达到最大值88.23%(质量分数)。电化学测试分析表明,随Mg含量的变化,合金电极最大放电容量和容量保持率均呈先增加后减小的规律,当x=0.15时,合金电极放电容量达到最大值377.9mAh/g,经100次充放电循环后其电极容量的保持率S100为90.2%,具有较好的电化学综合性能。     

La-Mg-Ni系A5B19超晶格负极材料相结构及电化学性能EI北大核心CSCD

感应熔炼制备La0.8-xCexMg0.2 Ni 3.8(x=0,0.1,0.3,0.5),研究Ce替代部分La对La4MgNi19超晶格负极材料相结构及电化学性能的影响。研究表明,La4MgNi19合金相由LaNi5,(La,Mg)2Ni7,(La,Mg)5Ni19(3R-Ce5Co19)相组成。加入Ce后,(La,Mg)2Ni7相消失,出现2H-Pr 5Co 19结构的(La,Mg)5Ni19相,同时随着Ce替代量的增多,(La,Mg)5Ni19相含量增多,LaNi5相随之减少,Ce加入有利于形成A5B19相,特别是形成2H-Pr5Co19结构。电化学放电容量随着x值的增加呈现先增后减趋势,x=0.1时样品的电化学放电容量380.36 mAh/g最佳。合金电极活化次数、容量保持率和倍率放电性能随着Ce含量增加而增大。H在合金中的扩散速率是影响其倍率放电性能主要因素。     

La2Mg4-xCaxNi13贮氢合金的相结构与电化学性能

以La2Mg4-xCaxNi13合金为基础，研究了Ca部分替代Mg对合金相结构和电化学性能的影响。XRD和Rietveld分析表明，随ca替代量的增加，合金中MgNi2相含量逐渐减少，（La，Ca，Mg）Ni3相含量则先增加后减少；同时，ca的添加改变了La2Mg4-xCaxNi13合金中主相的晶格常数。电化学测试表明，ca部分替代Mg能够大幅提高合金电极的放电容量，其中La2Mg4-xCaxNi13合金具有最大的放电容量350．5mAh／g。     

Mn替代Ni对(La0.8Nd0.2)2Mg(Ni0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)9合金储氢及电化学性能的影响

在Ar保护下采用磁悬浮感应熔炼制备(La0.8Nd0.22)Mg(Ni0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)9(x=0,0.05,0.1,0.15)合金,系统研究了元素替代及退火处理对合金相结构、吸放氢性能及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,合金相主要由(La,Nd)Ni5相、LaMg2Ni9相和(La,Nd2)Ni7相组成,当x=0.15时,(La,Nd)2Ni7相消失。随着Mn取代量的增加,合金的储氢量、放电容量先增加后减小,Mn的添加提高了合金的充放电循环稳定性。经1073K退火处理后合金的放电容量得到提高,循环稳定性能得到明显改善。     

快淬纳米晶/非晶Mg2-xLaxNi（x=0～0.6）电极合金的电化学贮氢性能

为了改善Mg2Ni型合金的电化学贮氢性能,用La部分替代Mg,并用铸造及快淬工艺制备了Mg2-xLaxNi（x=0、0.2、0.4、0.6）电极合金,获得长度连续,厚度约为30μm,宽度约为25mm的薄带。用XRD、SEM和HRTEM分析了快淬合金薄带的微观结构,测试了合金薄带的电化学性能、电化学交流阻抗谱（EIS）及氢在合金中的扩散系数（D）。结果发现,在快淬无La合金中没有出现非晶相,但快淬La替代合金显示了以非晶相为主的结构,表明La替代Mg提高了合金的非晶形成能力。当x≤0.2时,La替代Mg不改变合金的Mg2Ni型主相,但出现少量的LaMg3及La2Mg17相。La替代及快淬明显改善合金的电化学贮氢性能。其中,Mg2La0.2Ni合金具有最佳的综合电化学性能。当淬速从0m/s（铸态被定义为淬速0m/s）增加到30m/s时,Mg2La0.2Ni合金的放电容量从197.2mAh/g增加到406.5mAh/g,20次充放循环后的容量保持率从52.7%增加到81.4%,高倍率放电能力从48.3%增加到56.8%,氢扩散系数（D）从8.12×10-12cm2/s增加到1.80×10-11cm2/s。     

热处理对A5B19型La0.68Gd0.2Mg0.12Ni3.3Co0.3Al0.1储氢合金微观组织和电化学性能的影响

用感应熔炼方法熔炼A5B19型La0.68Gd0.2Mg0.12Ni3.3Co0.3Al0.1合金,并在密闭容器中对合金进行不同温度(1173～1273K)下保温16h的热处理,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子探针显微分析方法(EPMA)和电化学测试分析方法对比研究了退火温度对合金成分、微观组织和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,A5B19型合金组织主要由Ce5Co19(Pr5Co19)型﹑PuNi3型和CaCu5型等相组成,退火后合金则形成以A5B19型(Pr5Co19和Ce5Co19)为主相的多相组织,随退火温度升高Pr5Co19型主相的相丰度逐渐增加,当T=1273K时其相丰度达到最大值87.8%(质量分数),而Ce5Co19型相仅为0.78%(质量分数)。电化学分析测试表明,退火温度对合金电极的活化性能和大电流放电特性影响不明显,但对电极容量和循环稳定性影响较大。在T=1273K退火后,合金电极放电容量为373.01mAh/g,经100次充放电循环后其电极容量保持率(S100)为90.20%,表现出较好的电化学性能。     

La2-xMgxNi7.0(x=0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8)贮氢合金结构和电化学性能的研究

用高频感应熔炼的方法制备了La2-xMgxNi7.0(x=0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8)贮氢电极合金,采用x-ray衍射和XRD粉末衍射全谱拟合分析方法及电化学方法系统研究了随Mg含量的增加,该类合金相结构和电化学性能的变化规律,以及合金在不同退火温度(1123K,1203K,1253K)和不同退火时间(24h,72h,144h)下相结构和微观组织及电化学性能的变化规律.实验结果表明,该类合金由(La,Mg)2Ni7相(Ce2Ni7型结构)、LaNi5(CaCu5型结构)相、(La,Mg)Ni3相(PuNi3型结构)及少量未知相组成.随Mg含量的增加,电极电化学放电容量呈先升高后降低趋势,当x=0.6时达到最大值389.87mAh/g;当Mg含量进一步增加时,电化学放电容量迅速降低,x=0.8时电化学放电容量为188.34mAh/g;随Mg含量的增加,合金组织中(La,Mg)Ni3相和LaNi5相增多.退火处理很大程度上消除了LaNi5相,高温退火有利于(La,Mg)2Ni7相的生成,低温退火有利于(La,Mg)Ni3相生成.退火时间的延长对合金相结构影响不明显,但提高了合金组织均匀性,同时使电化学放电容量降低.不同的退火温度和退火时间对未知相影响不明显.本文研究表明,退火温度对(La,Mg)2Ni7合金相结构有重要影响,Mg含量是影响合金相结构和电化学放电容量的关键.     

快淬对MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3/5wt% Mg2Ni复合储氢合金电化学性能的影响

为了改善AB5型储氢合金的放电容量和循环稳定性,研究了快淬速度对MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3/5wt%Mg2Ni复合储氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响.电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析表明,铸态复合合金由LaNi5相和少量的Mg2Ni相组成,而快淬态复合合金却由(La,Mg)Ni3新相和LaNi5相组成.当快淬速度≥15 m/s时,复合合金中形成明显的纳米晶组织并伴有部分非晶化倾向.电化学性能测试表明,快淬态复合合金的最大放电容量和容量保持率随快淬速度的增大呈现出先增大后减少的变化规律,其中快淬速度为20 m/s时合金电极的最大放电容量达最大值344 mAh/g,经100次充放电循环后该电极的容量保持率为93.9%.     

添加Si对La-Mg-Ni系A2B7型电极合金循环稳定性的影响

为了改善La-Mg-Ni系A2B7型电极合金的电化学循环稳定性,在合金中添加少量Si。采用真空感应熔炼制备了La0.8Mg0.2Ni3.3Co0.2Si x(x=0~0.2)电极合金,并将部分合金在真空条件下,温度为900、950、1000和1050℃下进行了退火处理。用XRD、SEM分析了铸态及退火态合金的微观结构,测试了铸态及快淬态合金的电化学循环稳定性。结果表明,铸态及快淬态合金均具有多相结构,包括两个主相(La,Mg)2Ni7和LaNi5及一个残余相LaNi3。添加Si使LaNi5相增加而(La,Mg)2Ni7相减少。合金的电化学循环稳定性随Si含量的增加而增加,当Si含量x从0增加到0.2时,铸态合金100次充放循环后的容量保持率(S100)从64.2%增加到73.1%,而950℃退火态合金的S100值从80.3%增加到93.7%。     

Mo对A2B7型La-Mg-Ni贮氢电极合金相结构及电化学性能的影响

采用X射线衍射技术(XRD)、电池程控测试仪和电化学工作站等技术手段,研究了少量Mo替换Ni对La0.75-Mg0.25Ni3.5-xMox(x=0~0.5,原子分数/%,下同)贮氢电极合金相结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明:La0.75Mg0.25-Ni3.5-xMox合金具有多相结构,主相由Gd2Ni7型结构的La2Ni7和CaCu5型结构的LaNi5构成,合金活化性能良好,经过4次充放电过程基本都能达到活化状态。当Mo的加入量达到0.3%时,合金中出现MoNi4,且La2Ni7和LaNi5的点阵参数随之增大;合金的高倍率放电(HRD)性能显著提高,HRDI=900mA/g由82.58%(x=0)增加到86.72%(x=0.5);循环稳定性能(S100)也得到较大改善,呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,x=0.3时循环稳定性能最好,S100达到76.61%,但合金的最大放电比容量(Cmax)逐渐降低。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.