高速精密电主轴动态热态特性的研究进展

高速化和精密化是目前世界装备制造业发展的两大趋势.高速精密电主轴作为机床赖以实现高速精密加工的核心功能部件,其性能的高低决定了机床的整体发展水平.目前制约电主轴发展水平的关键之一是对电主轴的动态热态特性缺乏系统深入的研究.本文从轴承动态特性、轴承热态特性、电主轴整体热态特性及主轴系统动态热态性能设计等角度,分析了影响电主轴工作性能的若干关键技术,介绍了国内外电主轴相关技术的研究进展,指出了高速精密电主轴技术的发展趋势.     

用于高速机床电主轴的热管冷却系统

高速机床在电主轴的高速旋转下，所产生的发热量很大，由此产生的热膨胀，其引起的制造精度误差占总制造误差的40％-70％．同时也影响到了高速电主轴的使用寿命。通过对现有高速电主轴的冷却系统的分析，将热管高效的导热性、温度的均匀性及结构的多样性等特性应用于高速电主轴的冷却，能迅速导出大量的热能。采用热管冷却技术能有效解决高速电主轴温度变化问题。     

150MD24Z7.5高速电主轴多场耦合模型与动态性能预测

电主轴是机电一体化产品,充分考虑并预测其动态特性是机床主轴系统优化设计的前提。本文基于电主轴内部磁场、电场、温度场、结构场间的耦合关系,建立了150MD24Z7.5高速电主轴多场耦合有限元模型,通过电主轴电机电磁损耗及轴承摩擦生热计算,仿真电主轴温度场及结构场变化,讨论电主轴热态特性与振动特性之间耦合关系,分析电主轴温升热膨胀后气隙变化对振动特性的影响并通过实验加以验证。研究结果表明,电主轴温升形变对振动幅值影响较大,其中由气隙变化引起的电磁力幅值增加12.1%。利用该多场耦合模型可预测电主轴振动幅值,预测误差为10.2%。     

一种高速卧式加工中心的整机结构设计

高速加工中心高速、高效、高精、复合化的发展趋势对机床的设计理论、方法和技术手段等层面都提出了新的要求,本文以高速卧式加工中心传动系统设计过程中高速电主轴技术和高速进给系统设计为主要对象,在系统研究的基础上,对相关技术进行了分析。     

高速电主轴多场耦合动力学特性研究

建立了一种新型的高速电主轴多场耦合动力学模型,讨论了轴承模型、热态模型、芯轴动力学模型和电机电磁模型之间的耦合关系,提出热膨胀、轴承内圈离心膨胀、轴承内外圈接触膨胀、电磁不平衡拉力载荷和离心力载荷5种耦合因素,并且设计出多场耦合动力学模型的计算流程,分析耦合因素对高速电主轴系统运行状态的影响。以2ZDG60型高速电主轴为研究对象,计算结果表明：考虑耦合因素与不考虑耦合因素相比较,轴承动态支承刚度、轴承损耗功率以及芯轴动力学行为差别较大;实验结果表明：考虑耦合因素时的高速电主轴温升分布和芯轴固有特性与实验结果的吻合度较高。     

高速静压内置式电主轴系统稳定性分析及优化

针对高效精密机床电主轴系统的高速化,讨论液体静压主轴系统失稳机理,并对高速静压内置式电主轴系统进行稳定性分析;提出基于遗传算法的电主轴系统稳定性优化方法。以系统稳定性评价指标为优化目标、电主轴系统轴向尺寸参数为设计变量,采用高效微型遗传算法实现电主轴系统稳定性优化。该方法既能高效解决增强轴系稳定性优化问题,又可避免复杂结构参数修改;通过某高速磨床静压内置式电主轴系统稳定性分析及优化对该方法进行验证。结果表明,稳定性分析及优化后系统稳定性得到明显提高。     

基于磁流变装置的高速电主轴动态加载系统研究

为有效预测高速电主轴的寿命并评价其精度保持性,需要对高速状态下的电主轴进行动态加载测试。应用磁流变液对电主轴进行动态加载并进行加载性能测试。介绍该加载系统的构成与原理,并通过电磁仿真与实验,获取力矩-电流、力矩-时间变化规律,探讨高速下磁流变液的剪切模型,并对原始公式予以修正。理论计算与实验结果表明修正模型及分析流程具有一定精度,说明磁流变液的粘度和剪切屈服应力会随转速、电流的改变而变化,也验证该加载系统的正确性和可行性,为高速电主轴的动态加载性能研究提出了一种全新的方法。     

计电磁不平衡拉力的高速电主轴转子偏心特性研究

针对高速电主轴转子偏心状态产生的两种载荷-电磁不平衡拉力与离心力,据电磁理论建立电磁不平衡拉力载荷模型,理论分析两种偏心载荷幅值及频率特性;应用Timoshenko梁理论,建立耦合入轴承动态支撑刚度矩阵并以两种偏心载荷为外力的转子有限元模型;据动力学方程计算转子系统固有频率、振型,研究电磁不平衡拉力载荷与离心力载荷对转子系统动态特性影响;通过实验验证两种偏心载荷为引起高速电主轴转子振动的主要因素及转子系统一阶固有频率随转速升高而升高,实验结果与理论计算误差较小。     

浅析YK系列磨齿机电主轴的维修

本文分析了电主轴的故障原因,并针对生产设备数控磨齿机的电主轴故障进行了排查,总结了电主轴维修、保养和装配的经验和注意事项。     

一种改善PMSS弱磁电流稳定性的控制策略EI北大核心CSCD

针对表贴式永磁同步电主轴(permanent magnet synchronous spindle,PMSS)弱磁控制中随转速升高出现定子电流震荡的问题。在分析弱磁控制算法以及转速调节器的基础上,提出一种基于模糊控制的改进型超前角弱磁调速策略;此策略使用改进型超前角弱磁控制算法扩展电主轴调速范围并抑制电流震荡;使用模糊PI转速调节器实现参数的动态调节,提高系统的稳定性。实验结果表明,基于模糊控制的改进型超前角弱磁调速策略能较好的扩展电主轴调速范围,且较好地抑制定子电流的震荡,从而提高永磁同步电主轴弱磁阶段的动态性能及稳定性。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。