干湿循环-硫酸盐侵蚀下矿物掺和料对混凝土耐久性的影响

研究了干湿循环-硫酸盐侵蚀耦合作用下,纯水泥混凝土、粉煤灰掺量10%和20%的粉煤灰混凝土及矿粉掺量15%和30%的矿粉混凝土的质量损失率、抗压强度和氯离子扩散系数的演变规律.采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析研究了侵蚀后试件的微观形貌与物质元素组成.结果表明干湿循环-硫酸盐侵蚀耦合作用下混凝土性能发展分为2个阶段:即侵蚀初期性能的提高段与随后性能的劣化段:矿物掺和料的掺入不能改善混凝土的抗干湿循环-硫酸盐侵蚀性能.     

砂基透水混凝土路面砖胶结料试验研究

研究自主研制的胶结料不同掺量、水灰比、集料级配及灰集比对砂基透水混凝土路面砖强度、透水性的影响,并通过室内试验测试试件保水性、抗冻性、耐磨耗性、抗硫酸盐-干湿循环侵蚀.先将自主研制的胶结料Ⅰ与3种同类型胶结料通过胶砂试验比选.结果表明:胶结料Ⅰ(28 d)抗压强度59.2 MPa、抗折强度9.3 MPa,优于同类型胶结料;胶结料Ⅰ掺砂基透水混凝土路面砖最优掺量为水泥质量的5%,其强度为35.6 MPa,透水系数为3.5×10 -2 cm/s,并具有良好的保水性、抗冻性、耐磨耗性和抗硫酸盐-干湿循环侵蚀性能.     

干湿循环作用下混凝土裂缝区域氯离子的传输状态

研究了干湿循环作用下混凝土裂缝区域的氯离子浓度分布和裂缝影响区域.制备了不同宽度横向裂缝的混凝土试件,采用干湿循环加速氯离子对混凝土的侵蚀,定期检测不同侵蚀周期试件破型后裂缝侧面以及试件上表面至钢筋方向的氯离子浓度.试验结果表明:氯离子浓度随着传输深度增加而降低,在20 mm处基本稳定.随着干湿循环的进行,在20个干湿循环周期后,裂缝宽度为0.1~0.5 mm的试件,裂缝侧面30 mm处氯离子浓度都大于0.1%,钢筋在裂缝左右30 mm范围内有锈蚀的危险.并且由于二维传输的互相影响,裂缝宽度越大,相同传输深度氯离子浓度也越高.     

荷载、碳化和氯盐侵蚀对混凝土劣化的影响

浇筑了普通混凝土和双掺粉煤灰、矿粉两种矿物掺合料的混凝土小梁试件39个,采用螺杆对试件施加混凝土极限抗弯承载力30%和60%的持续荷载,在"氯盐溶液浸泡+CO_2环境干燥"、"去离子水浸泡+CO_2环境干燥"和"氯盐溶液浸泡+大气环境干燥"3种不同干湿循环制度下进行干湿循环试验,分析了荷载、碳化和氯盐作用下混凝土的劣化规律。结果表明:双掺粉煤灰和矿粉的混凝土,因发生"二次水化反应"消耗了大量Ca(OH)_2,其抗碳化性能比普通混凝土差;碳化后混凝土孔隙中多被CaCO_3填充,孔隙率降低,因此碳化速率随碳化龄期的增长减缓;干湿循环作用下,随着循环次数的增加,对流区深度会逐渐趋于稳定,在7~9 mm之间,而碳化作用使混凝土表层氯离子堆积明显;干燥过程中,氯盐存在使混凝土表面孔隙出现结晶,亦会抑制碳化反应的速率;碳化作用对混凝土中氯盐的传输起到双重作用:使混凝土孔隙率降低从而降低氯盐的传输速率,又会使部分结合氯离子释放为自由氯离子,从而提高自由氯离子含量;荷载水平由0.3倍极限荷载增加到0.6倍极限荷载,碳化和氯盐传输深度显著提高,随循环次数增加,荷载作用对碳化和氯盐传输影响愈加明显。     

再生混凝土的强度及耐久性能研究

基于基本的力学方法和耐久性方法研究了再生混凝土的抗压强度、抗碳化性能和抗冻性能.并采用压汞法对再生混凝土的孔结构进行研究.结果表明:再生混凝土的抗压强度比普通混凝土的抗压强度略有降低,孔隙率相比普通混凝土的孔隙率增加了49.5%;其抗碳化能力小于普通混凝土的抗碳化能力;再生混凝土的抗冻性远远小于普通混凝土的抗冻性,180次循环之后其质量损失率接近普通混凝土质量损失率的3倍.     

C50渡槽高性能混凝土耐久性研究

基于渡槽混凝土病害严重、耐老化性能差等问题,采用萘系和聚羧酸盐两种高效减水剂,根据不同水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、粉煤灰矿粉复掺配制出C50渡槽高性能混凝土,并测试混凝土的抗氯离子扩散系数、抗冻性和抗碳化性能等耐久性指标,分析水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、粉煤灰矿粉复掺对其耐久性的影响。结果显示:随着粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能有所提高,但抗冻性能和抗碳化性能均呈下降趋势;粉煤灰矿粉复掺提高了混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能和抗碳化性能,抗冻性略有降低。     

低温干湿循环条件下砂浆抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能试验研究

研究了不同水胶比水泥砂浆试件在低温干湿循环条件作用下的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能.试验制作了0.36与0.5两种水胶比的普通硅酸盐水泥、中抗硫水泥以及矿粉-硅灰复掺的水泥砂浆试件,检测了试件标养28 d后的孔结构及各试件在(5±1)℃的3％Na2 SO4溶液中干湿循环后的强度、动弹性模量变化情况,对砂浆在低温干湿循环条件下的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能进行了评价,并分析了检测指标间的相关性.结果表明:低温干湿循环条件下,0.5水胶比砂浆抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能低于0.36水胶比砂浆,抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能随着水胶比的降低而提高;低水胶比砂浆复掺矿粉-硅灰后抗低温干湿循环条件下的硫酸盐侵蚀性能提升明显;两个水胶比砂浆的相对动弹模均与抗压强度高度相关.     

掺石灰石粉混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能及改善机理

为提高掺石灰石粉混凝土在硫酸盐环境下的耐久性能,研究掺石灰石粉混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能以及粉煤灰/矿粉改善机理,通过混凝土硫酸盐干湿循环实验,得到试件外观及抗压强度变化,采用傅里叶红外光谱、XRD、SEM/EDS分析探究侵蚀产物物相组成.研究结果表明,硫酸钠结晶作用和生成的侵蚀产物石膏导致试件膨胀开裂,强度性能下降.石灰石粉的掺入增加了侵蚀产物中石膏的含量,从而引起混凝土试件抗侵蚀性能的下降,单掺25％和50％(质量分数)石灰石粉试件抗压强度耐蚀系数分别下降了23.1％和33.9％.粉煤灰/矿粉与石灰石粉互掺时表现出互补的协同效应,改善了掺石灰石粉混凝土抗硫酸盐干湿循环侵蚀的性能.矿粉的效果优于粉煤灰,胶凝材料采用66％水泥-17％石灰石粉-17％(质量分数)矿粉组成的混凝土表现出最优的抗侵蚀性能.     

带裂缝混凝土氯离子扩散及碳化特性试验研究

针对带裂缝混凝土的氯离子扩散作用及碳化特性进行了试验分析,利用无损裂缝制备装置,预制了不同深度、厚度及不同间距的带裂缝混凝土试件,分别进行了氯盐溶液浸泡试验及快速碳化试验,并对二者的耦合作用进行了研究.得到了裂缝宽度、深度、裂缝间距及水灰比等因素对带裂缝混凝土试件氯离子扩散作用和碳化特性的影响,且随着碳化时间的增加,带裂缝混凝土试件的氯离子扩散深度减小,氯离子扩散对混凝土的抗碳化性能起到了一定的提高作用.     

再生混凝土耐久性研究进展

再生混凝土的耐久性研究对于再生混凝土的广泛应用有着重要意义。文章通过对国内外再生混凝土耐久性相关研究的深入对比分析,阐述了再生混凝土抗冻性、抗碳化性、抗氯离子渗透性以及变形性;分析再生混凝土的耐久性劣化机理并总结出相应改善措施。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。