The international standard ISO/TS 21872-1 to study the occurence of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in seafood: ITS improvement by use of a chromogenic medium and PCR

During two surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009, the culture method described in the international standard ISO/TS 21872-1 was applied to the detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in 112 living bivalve mollusc samples, with a chromogenic medium used in addition to the TCBS agar, as second selective isolation medium and for enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae by surface inoculation. A PCR method for detection of these 2 Vibrio species and the hemolysin genes tdh and trh, was applied in parallel. In 2009, the survey was extended to finfish fillets and crustaceans. PCR was also used for species confirmation of characteristic colonies. The identity of the PCR products, specifically targeting V. parahaemolyticus, was checked by sequencing. Occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae isolates in living bivalve molluscs ranged from 30.4% to 32.6% and from 1.4% to 4.7% respectively. In frozen crustaceans (2009 survey) V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae isolates were respectively found in 45% and 10% of the samples. No V. parahaemolyticus or V. cholerae was detected in frozen fish fillets, neither by the ISO method nor by PCR. In 2009, enteropathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (trh+) was isolated from 4 out of 43 oyster samples while the trh gene was present in V. alginolyticus strains and in samples where V. parahaemolyticus was not detected (9 over 112 samples). The ISO method failed to isolate V. parahaemolyticus in 44% to 53% of the living bivalve molluscs where PCR detected the toxR gene specific of V. parahaemolyticus (Vp-toxR). Our results highlighted the need for a revision of the ISO/TS 21872-1 standard, at least, for analysis of living bivalve molluscs, and confirmed the increasing concern of enteropathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in French bivalve molluscs. Enrichment at 41.5°C was questioned and some reliable solutions for the improvement of the ISO/TS 21872-1 method, such as the PCR method for screening of positive samples and confirmation of colonies, were pointed out.     

副溶血性弧菌与弧菌科易混淆菌的鉴别方法

目的 快速鉴别副溶血性弧菌检测工作中常见的几种易混淆菌。方法 首先筛选出7株在副溶血性弧菌检测工作中的易混淆菌株, 分别通过选择性平板、初步生化筛选和干制生化鉴定试剂盒的方法, 对包括副溶血性弧菌标准菌株在内的8株菌进行鉴别分析。结果 各菌株培养24 h后, 只有创伤弧菌能在改良纤维二糖多粘菌素B多粘菌素E琼脂平板上生长; 硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基对弧菌科菌株鉴别性较强; 结合硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基以及弧显平板上的菌落大小和颜色特征, 可对以上8株菌进行鉴别, 利用各菌株在副溶血性弧菌的典型生化反应上的不同点, 可进一步进行验证。结论 掌握各检测阶段菌株的不同特征, 通过常规检测方法实现快速鉴别, 节省检测时间, 提高检测效率, 及时发现其它可疑致病菌。     

Occurrence of Vibrio and other pathogenic bacteria in Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussels) harvested from Adriatic Sea, Italy.

Sixty-two samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussels) harvested from approved shellfish waters in the Adriatic Sea were examined for the presence of Vibrio, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. Vibrio spp. were isolated from 48.4% of samples; the species most frequently found were V. alginolyticus (32.2%) and V. vulnificus (17.7%), followed by V. cincinnatiensis (3.2%), V. parahaemolyticus (1.6%), V. fluvialis (1.6%) and V. cholerae non-O1 (1.6%). V. parahaemolyticus resulted negative to Kanagawa-phenomenon and to PCR amplification of tdh gene. V. cholerae resulted negative to PCR amplification of sto gene. No Salmonella, Campylobacter, or E. coli verocytotoxin-producing strains were isolated. The results of this study suggest the potential risk of ingesting raw or undercooked mussels due to the frequent presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species.     

漳州水产养殖环境中副溶血弧菌的流行状况分析

为探究漳州市养殖环境中副溶血弧菌流行状况和基因多态性,无菌采集2019年1～7月份本地区7个养殖场中罗非鱼、石斑鱼和虾的新鲜样品。用硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基（thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar culture medium, TCBS）对样品的疑似副溶血弧菌进行分离纯化,用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增tlh基因和16S rDNA基因片段并测序,鉴定疑似菌株。用随机扩增多态性法（random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD）对分离株进行分型。实验共采集228份样品,微生物学初筛得到111株疑似菌株,PCR检测并测序鉴定69株为副溶血弧菌,阳性率为30.26%。RAPD技术对分离株分型,得到了较清晰的电泳条带,分析指纹图谱发现69株副溶血弧菌可分为9个主要类型,遗传相似性在83%～100%范围内。养殖场中的水产品一定程度上受到副溶血弧菌的污染,且不同水产品、不同养殖场、不同时间副溶血弧菌的污染程度都不同。     

基于环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)检测上海市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌的毒力菌株

基于环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)对上海市8-10月市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株(tdh和trh毒力基因)进行检测分析,共检测贝类样品180份,6个常规品种,实验同时采用PCR测定方法进行对比。结果表明,含tdh和trh毒力基因的副溶血性弧菌在市售贝类中的检出率分别是12.77%和11.66%,PCR的分析结果为11.11%和7.78%。对分离的毒力菌株进行血清型分型后发现了2株O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌,其中1株为毒力基因双阳性菌(tdh+/trh+)。2株O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的PFGE条带型相似度较高(相似度90%)。这些结果表明上海市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株存在一定的污染,应引起足够重视。双阳性O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的出现值得关注,应对各血清型菌株尤其是O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的流行情况加强监测。PCR检测结果对比分析表明,LAMP方法适用于贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株的检测分析。     

OCCURRENCE OF POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC VIBRIOS IN BIVALVE MOLLUSCS (MUSSELS AND CLAMS) FROM RETAIL OUTLETS IN THE NORTH OF SPAIN

Forty-three samples of shellfish (22 mussels and 21 clams) purchased from retail outlets from February through October were tested for the presence of vibrios associated with human disease . Vibrio spp. was found in 51.16% of the samples . V. alginolyticus was the commonest Vibrio species found in the samples, followed by V. parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis and V. cholerae non-01. All V. parahaemolyticus isolated were Kanagawa-phenomenon negative. Hemolytic activities were shown in all isolates of V. fluvialis and V. cholerae. Bacterial indicators of quality and safety were within permitted limits by authorities. The results indicate the potential risks of food poisoning associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish .     

Evaluation of MPN method combined with PCR procedure for detection and enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood

Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in spiked and naturally contaminated seafood samples were enumerated by the MPN method combined with a PCR procedure (MPN-PCR method) targeting the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh), and by the MPN method using subcultivation of alkaline-peptone-water (APW) enrichment culture on thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) agar (MPN-TCBS method). In the samples spiked with both V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus enumerated by the MPN-PCR method were similar to, or higher than the numbers of spiked cells, whereas those enumerated by the MPN-TCBS method were below the numbers of spiked cells. In naturally contaminated seafood samples, the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus enumerated by the MPN-PCR method were higher than those by the MPN-TCBS method. In the case of the MPN-TCBS method, isolation of V. parahaemolyticus from some APW cultures was difficult because of the overgrowth of many colonies other than V. parahaemolyticus (e.g., V. alginolyticus) on TCBS agar. In contrast, the PCR technique could detect tlh from APW culture without isolation of V. parahaemolyticus, so the possibility of failing to obtain a positive result in APW culture by the MPN-PCR method was considered to be lower than that by the MPN-TCBS method. Furthermore, utilization of the PCR technique reduces the time and labor required for the biochemical identification tests used in the MPN-TCBS method. For the detection and enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood, especially for samples that show many colonies other than V. parahaemolyticus on TCBS agar, the MPN-PCR method may be more convenient and reliable than the MPN-TCBS method.     

北部湾茅尾海副溶血性弧菌的分离鉴定与致病性分析

为解析北部湾海域及水产品中副溶血性弧菌的多样性特征与安全风险,本研究采集了北部湾茅尾海养殖区域海水和水产经济动物样品,利用硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基(TCBS)对所采样品进行海洋弧菌的分离和纯化,共分离获得109株疑似弧菌菌株。通过16S rDNA和特异功能基因toxR的PCR扩增并测序鉴定,共检出副溶血性弧菌20株,检出率为18.3%。此外,通过系统发育分析还发现副溶血性弧菌的toxR和tdh基因序列都存在水平基因转移现象,呈现出较大的多样性。对20个副溶血性弧菌菌株的毒力基因tdh进行分析,结果表明有4株携带了tdh毒力基因,检出率为20%,易引起食物中毒,对公共卫生造成的威胁较大。因此,本研究建议采用PCR技术开展副溶血性弧菌特异种属基因和毒力基因检测,准确评估北部湾区域海水及其水产品的卫生安全性,降低爆发水产养殖业病害和食源性疾病的风险。     

Levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and thermostable direct hemolysin gene-positive organisms in retail seafood determined by the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) method

The incidence and levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh)-positive organisms in retail seafood were determined. The most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) method using a PCR procedure targeting the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh) and tdh was used to determine the levels of V. parahaemolyticus and tdh-positive organisms, respectively. In seafood for raw consumption, V. parahaemolyticus was found in four (13.3%) of 30 fish samples, 11 (55.0%) of 20 crustacean samples, and 29 (96.7%) of 30 mollusc samples. Levels of V. parahaemolyticus were below 10(4) MPN/100 g in all fish and crustacean samples tested. However, they were above 10(4) MPN/100 g in 11 (36.7%) of the 30 mollusc samples. In all seafood for raw consumption, the level of tdh-positive organisms was below the limit of detection (< 30 MPN/100 g). In seafood for cooking, V. parahaemolyticus was found in 15 (75.0%) of 20 fish samples, nine (45.0%) of 20 crustacean sample, and 20 (100%) of 20 mollusc samples. Levels of V. parahaemolyticus were above 10(4) MPN/100 g in only three (15.0%) and one (5.0%) of the 20 fish and 20 crustacean samples, respectively. However, they were above 10(4) MPN/100 g in 18 (90.0%) of the 20 mollusc samples. In seven (35.0%) of the 20 mollusc samples, tdh-positive organisms were found and their levels ranged from 3.6x10 to 1.1 x 103 MPN/100 g. From four of seven tdhpositive samples, tdh-positive V. parahaemolyticus was isolated.     

两种弧菌显色培养基在疑似副溶血性弧菌鉴定中的效果比较

为了比较环凯和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基对食品中可疑菌株的初步鉴定作用,本文按国标(GB/T4789.7-2008)程序,以环凯和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基初步鉴定硫代硫酸盐-柠檬酸盐-胆盐-蔗糖琼脂(TCBS)的副溶血性弧菌可疑菌株,最后用API和MID鉴定证实。在97份食品样品的定性与定量检测中,TCBS疑似菌株有109株,对应样品有31份。环凯和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基对109株TCBS可疑菌株初步鉴定的结果相同,均检出64株显紫色的可疑菌株,对应样品22份。经API和MID确认,阳性菌株60株,阳性样品为22份,阳性率为22.68%。两种培养基初步鉴定TCBS可疑菌株的敏感性、特异性和符合性均分别为100.00%、91.84%和96.33%。环凯和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基对TCBS的可疑菌株具有较好的初步鉴定效果。     

Density of total and pathogenic (tdh+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Atlantic and Gulf coast molluscan shellfish at harvest

The densities of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in 671 samples of molluscan shellfish harvested in 1999 and 2000 from 14 sites in seven Gulf and Atlantic coast states were determined at 2-week intervals over a period of 12 to 16 months in each state. Changes in V. parahaemolyticus densities in shellfish between harvest and sample analysis were minimized with time and temperature controls. Densities were measured by direct plating techniques, and gene probes were used for identification. Total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus organisms were identified with probes for the thermolabile direct hemolysin (tlh) gene and the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene, respectively. An enrichment procedure involving 25 g of shellfish was also used for the recovery of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. The densities of V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish from all harvest sites were positively correlated with water temperature. Shellfish from the Gulf Coast typically had higher densities of V. parahaemolyticus than did shellfish harvested from the North Atlantic or mid-Atlantic coast. Vibrio parahaemolyticus counts exceeded 1,000 CFU/g for only 5% of all samples. Pathogenic (tdh+) V. parahaemolyticus was detected in approximately 6% of all samples by both procedures, and 61.5% of populations in the positive samples from the direct plating procedure were at the lower limit of detection (10 CFU/g). The frequency of detection of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was significantly related to water temperature and to the density of total V. parahaemolyticus. The failure to detect pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish more frequently was attributed to the low numbers and uneven distribution of the organism.     

Design and validation of a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for Vibrio pathogen detection

Three species--Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus--account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. Rapid and accurate identification of Vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species. Additionally, biochemical identification and confirmation require 2 or more days to complete. Rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio pathogens would be useful for the surveillance and management of outbreaks. To facilitate the identification of human-pathogenic species, we designed and validated a highly sensitive, specific, and robust multiplex real-time PCR assay to identify V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus using a four-dye configuration in a convenient lyophilized format. Multiple Vibrio strains were sequenced to verify candidate target TaqMan sites. Several individual assays within the multiplex contain multiple primers or probes to ensure detection of polymorphic variants. V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus were detected either individually or in mixtures at ≤30 genomic copies. V. cholerae was specifically detected in the presence or absence of Vibrio mimicus. The Vibrio multiplex assay showed 100% specificity to all targets analyzed and no detection of nearest neighbor strains. Each assay exhibited 100% ± 10% efficiency. Multiplex real-time PCR can simplify pathogen detection and reduce costs per test since three species can be analyzed in a single reaction tube. Rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish or seawater samples will improve the microbiological safety of seafood for consumers.     

Risk of Vibrio transmission linked to the consumption of crustaceans in coastal towns of Côte d'Ivoire

The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of Vibrio spp. transmission from crustaceans to humans in two coastal towns of C?te d'Ivoire. Bacteriologic analysis was performed on 322 crustacean samples obtained from six markets in Abidjan and one in Dabou. Suspected Vibrio colonies were identified by morphological, cultural, biochemical, and molecular tests and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. PCR assays were used to further characterize Vibrio strains. A survey on consumption of crustaceans was conducted among 120 randomly selected households in Abidjan. Overall, Vibrio spp. were isolated from 7.8% of the crustacean samples studied, at levels as high as 6.3 log CFU/g. Of the Vibrio strains identified, 40% were V. alginolyticus, 36% were V. parahaemolyticus, and 24% were nontoxigenic V. cholerae; the latter two species can cause mild to severe forms of seafood-associated gastroenteritis. Among interviewed households, 11.7% reported daily consumption of crustaceans, confirming the high probability of exposure of human population to Vibrio spp., and 7.5% reported symptoms of food poisoning after consumption of crustaceans. The absence of genes encoding major virulence factors in the studied strains, i.e., cholera toxin (ctxA and ctxB) in V. cholerae and thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) in V. parahaemolyticus, does not exclude the possibility of exposure to pathogenic strains. However, human infections are not common because most households (96.7%) boil crustaceans, usually for at least 45 min (85.9% of households) before consumption.     

Detection,Identification, and Prevalence of Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Fish and Coastal Environment in Jordan

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is widely distributed in the marine environments and considered the leading cause of human gastroenteritis in Asian countries. A total of 150 marketed fish and 50 water and sediment samples from the Gulf of Aqaba were examined for the prevalence of pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus. A total of 132 typical isolates obtained from the primary selective medium (thiosulfate‐citrate bile salt sucrose agar) and showed positive biochemical properties were subjected to confirmation by polymerase chain reaction targeting the gyrB and toxR genes. These genes were confirmed at rates of 82% (108 isolates) and 72% (95 isolates), respectively. The toxR positive isolates were tested for the presence of thermolabile hemolysin (tlh), thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), and tdh‐related hemolysin (trh) virulence genes. Accordingly, the prevalence rates of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus were 4%, 8%, and 12% in sediment, water, and fish samples, respectively. The 16S rRNA amplification and sequences were conducted for confirmation of the isolates and showing the relatedness among these isolates. The results showed that both 16S rRNA and toxR assays had same sensitivity and tested isolates had high nucleotide similarity irrespective of their sources.     

DETECTION OF VIBRIO ALGINOLYTICUS AND VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS IN SHELLFISH SAMPLES USING COLLAGENASE-TARGETED MULTIPLEX-PCR

The increase of Vibrio infections especially associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood and fish underlines the necessity of an efficient monitoring system for Vibrio spp. supported by appropriate detection tools both in food products and in clinical samples. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the reliability of the collagenase‐targeted multiplex‐polymerase chain reaction (m‐PCR) for the detection of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish samples enriched in alkaline peptone water (APW). The coupling of a pre‐enrichment phase of the samples with the specificity of the PCR‐based assay was applied successfully to the detection of V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus, demonstrating that collagenase‐target m‐PCR may be used as a valid molecular target to discriminate the three Vibrio species.     

Identification of bacteria crucial to histamine accumulation in pacific mackerel during storage

Bacterial growth and histamine formation in Pacific mackerel during storage at 0, 4, 15, and 25 degrees C were monitored. To identify bacterial species contributing to histamine formation, several groups of bacteria were isolated by using selective media under temperatures corresponding to the various storage conditions. Initially, low counts of bacteria were found in the gill, skin, and intestine of fresh fish, and only weak histamine formers were found in the gill. Histamine was found in the muscle when fish were stored above 4 degrees C, and aerobic plate counts reached 10(6) CFU/g. When fish became unsuitable for human consumption by abusive storage, toxicological levels of histamine were always found. The highest level of histamine formed was 283 mg/100 g in 2 days. The optimum temperature for supporting growth of prolific histamine formers was 25 degrees C. The most prolific and prevalent histamine former was Morganella morganii, followed by Proteus vulgaris, both of which were isolated on violet red bile glucose (VRBG) agar. At 15 degrees C, a significant level of histamine was still produced in fish muscle, although prolific histamine formers were less frequently detected than at 25 degrees C. The isolates on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar were weak histamine formers and identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus. At 4 degrees C, less than 57.4 mg/100 g of histamine was found in fish stored for 14 days. Most isolates were natural bacterial flora in the marine environment and identified as weak histamine formers. At 0 degrees C, neither histamine former nor histamine production was detected up to 14 days of storage.     

Evaluation of a Double Layer Agar Plate For Direct Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A double layer agar plate (DLAP) was developed according to the thin agar layer (TAL) method as a 1‐step procedure for direct enumeration of injured Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells based on the formation of unique purple colonies by V. parahaemolyticus. The DLAP was prepared by overlaying an equal volume (10 mL) of a nonselective medium (tryptic soy agar supplemented with 1.5% NaCl) onto a selective medium (Bio‐Chrome Vibrio medium). The DLAP was capable of detecting V. parahaemolyticus in mixed cultures containing non‐Vibrio bacteria. Production of purple colonies by V. parahaemolyticus on DLAP was not affected by the growth of other bacteria, even when V. parahaemolyticus was only a small fraction (5%) of the entire bacterial population. Direct plating on DLAP was found as effective as the most probable number (MPN) method for recovering heat‐and cold‐injured V. parahaemolyticus cells, which could not be detected by direct plating on Bio‐Chrome Vibrio medium or thiosulfate‐citrate‐bile salts‐sucrose agar. The DLAP offers an alternative to the MPN method for detecting injured V. parahaemolyticus cells and can be used as a simple 1‐step procedure for quick screening of V. parahaemolyticus in foods.     

食品中副溶血性弧菌toxR和tdh基因双色荧光PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立对副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）特异性检测toxR（跨膜转录激活蛋白）基因和tdh（热稳定性直接溶血素）毒力基因的Taqman探针双色荧光PCR检测方法。方法 根据副溶血性弧菌toxR基因和tdh基因,分别设计引物和探针,建立Taqman探针双色荧光PCR扩增体系,进行特异性、灵敏度试验;对副溶血性弧菌分离菌株实施检测,了解其tdh基因和tdh基因分布情况。结果 结果表明,副溶血性弧菌标准菌株和3株从食物中毒患者中分离获得的分离株均出现toxR基因和tdh扩增曲线,而溶藻弧菌、单增李斯特菌等31株弧菌属其他菌株和肠杆菌科的菌株未见扩增曲线。从食品中分离的37株副溶血性弧菌分离株均未携带tdh毒力基因。副溶血性弧菌检测灵敏度可达到3.6×102 cfu/mL。结论 该方法可用于同时检测食品中副溶血性弧菌的特异性和毒力基因。     

Sensitivity of Vibrio species in phosphate-buffered saline and in oysters to high-pressure processing

Multiple strains of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio cholerae non-O1 were tested in phosphate-buffered saline for their sensitivity to high-pressure processing (HPP). Variability in sensitivity among strains was observed for all species; this variability decreased at higher pressures. V. vulnificus was the species that was most sensitive to treatment at 200 MPa (decimal reduction time [D] = 26 s), and V. cholerae was the species that was most resistant to treatment at 200 MPa (D = 149 s). The O3:K6 serotype of V. parahaemolyticus was more resistant to pressure than other serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus were. The results of studies involving V. vulnificus naturally occurring in oysters revealed that a pressure treatment of 250 MPa for 120 s achieved a > 5-log reduction in the levels of this bacterium. V. parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 in oysters required a pressure of 300 MPa for 180 s for a comparable 5-log reduction. When properly applied, HPP can be effective in improving the safety of shellfish with respect to Vibrio spp.     

2003年中国部分沿海地区零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染状况的主动监测

国家食源性疾病监测网发现，我国近年来副溶血性弧菌中毒呈显上升趋势。为进一步了解零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌(VP)的污染情况，2003年9-12月在我国沿海4个省份(浙江、江苏、广东、福建)进行监测，试样分别从水产品批发市场、零售市场和饭店采集，共采集海产品236份，其中甲壳类69份、贝类116份、鱼类51份。采用Vitek鉴定系统和最可能数(MPN)法进行副溶血性弧菌的定性和定量分析。结果显示，38．6％的海产品检出VP，浙江省试样的VP阳性率最高。甲壳类、贝类和鱼类试样VP阳性率分别为49．3％、37．9％和25.5％；阳性试样几何平均分布浓度依次为171．4、76．9和50．7MPN／100g。监测结果表明，我国零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染率较高，必须持续地进行食品中VP的主动监测和污染控制。