Current Management Reliability Objectives

In summary, I will keynote this Symposium by expressing the following six points: 1) We accept the view which has been expressed by General Davis and others that reliability is a general management responsibility. 2) To enable general management to do their part effectively, reliability specialists must express their requests for support in terms of cost effectiveness. 3) Reliability is a branch of engineering technology that, like all other branches, must be supported by a research program. 4) After research has provided potentially effective reliability technology, the Program Plan for each project must be such as to ensure effective use of this technology. 5) A system of operations evaluation must be established to give immediate visibility to any deficiencies in compliance with or the results of reliability plans. 6) Our experience has shown the traditional practices of the aerospace industry are well suited to achieving reliability. It is important for customer contracting agencies to recognize that many of the practices which enable industry to create reliability have to be supported by overhead funds. Almost the entire Reliability Resources Development Program must be absorbed by our overhead budget. Also, it is important for these contracting agencies to recognize that reliability resources must be an important factor in ``Make' or ``Buy' decisions. For example, the Prime Contractor's resources include design assurance and quality assurance disciplines which may be lost when an item is transferred from the ``Make' to the ``Buy' category.     

变电站综合自动化系统的结构方式

变电站综合自动化系统是电网改造中的重要设备。而系统的结构方式是制约设备性能、造价和可靠性的关键因素。本文结合作者多年来从事电力自动化方面的研究和实践,从分析系统结构方式入手,说明了不同结构方式对设备的性能、造价和可靠性所产生的截然不同的效果。     

浅析微电子电路的校准技术和自动测试

随着社会的不断进步,无论是工厂的大型电器设备还是日常生活的家用电器都会使用到微电子电路技术,微电子电路是一种以多种半导体器件为基础的高新电子技术集成电路,其具有体积小、重量轻、可靠性高、工作速度快等多种特点。为了确保具有微电子电路的电器的质量,我们必须对其进行严格检测,从而达到对其进行质控的目标。为了确保电器设备中微电子电路的安全可靠性,本文主要针对微电子电路的校准技术和自动测试技术进行了研究,全文分为五个部分：第一部分引言对微电子电路进行了介绍;第二部分分析了微电子电路研究的重要性;第三部分介绍了微电子电路的检测方法;第四部分对探索了微电子电路的测试和校准的具体方法;第五部分对全文进行了总结。同时笔者也希望通过此次研究能够更好的推动我国微电子电器设备的发展,促进我国微电子技术的进步。     

Reliability Techniques in the Service of Industry

Failures which occur in any industrial activity reduce the profitability and safety of commercial ventures. Numerical estimates of reliability, availability, and profitability are based on an understanding of the fundamental concepts of reliability engineering. These estimates assist comparison of alternative design or improvement strategies for process plant. Although a reliability assessment is concerned largely with equipment failures, the important part played by human reliability can be estimated and included in such studies. Plant reliability interacts with the morale of the workforce; morale is unfortunately not easy to quantify. The methods and procedure of a reliability analysis are described. A degree of flexibility in the assessor's approach is useful when the rigour of the study must be adjusted to suit practical cost considerations.     

Stepper motors: application and selection

A common denominator of most sophisticated manufacturing equipment is a positioning system. A part or workpiece must be brought into a predefined location envelope so that operations may be performed upon it. Since much of this type of manufacturing equipment is computer-controlled, flexible positioning systems are necessary to derive all of the advantages that the computer can provide. Flexibility can be achieved via closed-or open-loop motor-driven systems?each offering distinct advantages. But whereas stepper motors are optional in the former instance, for an open-loop system, a digital driving device such as a stepper motor must be used to maintain control.     

A quick tutorial on searching and evaluating Internet resources

Do you know the difference between Yahoo and AltaVista? Do all your friends and students know? If no, this tutorial is for you. It explains some basic concepts, understanding which makes life on the Internet much easier. Now that the Internet is moving into the general knowledge of everybody and is taught in schools, we need to find some general, underlying ideas of how to deal with it. Wiring schools, as is happening now throughout the United States and other countries, is not enough. Teachers and students must be trained. This tutorial covers two small but important aspects of that training. The first part considers searching on the Internet; the second deals with quality and authority of information found on the Internet. It is a common mistake to assume that high technology guarantees high quality. Just because something is on the Web does not necessarily mean it is true     

General problems in the use of electron tubes

This paper concerns the general problems connected with the use of electron tubes. We are primarily concerned with obtaining the utmost reliability when vacuum tubes are employed in circuits to perform certain functions in guided missiles. It is first desirable that we define what we mean by "reliability." Unfortunately, each person has his own definition and idea of just what reliability concerns itself with. The following definition has been developed by a committee on reliability set up by the Radio Television Manufacturers Association and probably fits the bill closer than any definition developed up the present time. The definition is: Reliability is a measure of the probability that a device will perform its purpose adequately for the period of time intended under the operating conditions encountered. This definition covers, in reality, almost every conceivable kind of application and it becomes apparent almost immediately that reliability for one type of service may not necessarily constitute reliability for another application at all. This causes much of the confusion which exists in determining reliable operating. conditions for tubes in specific particular applications. This is brought about by the fact that some applications require the tubes to operate for only a relatively short time, say one-half hour; other applications require the equipment to run for twenty-four hours a day for days on end without any operator being within hundreds of miles of the equipment. In this instance, replacements cannot easily be made and therefore the equipment, to be reliable, must operate thousands of hours without any attention.     

宝鸡广电网管系统建设现状与思考

随着广电运营商多业务的开展,所使用到的技术、设备越来越多,为了保障各业务网络的安全性,提高对关键设备可用性的远程在线管理,智能设备、可网管设备被广泛采用。但由于网络业务发展渐进式的特点,以及众多厂商设备在接口层面的各自独立性,造成每种设备必须使用各自不同的专业管理系统,形成了一个个信息孤岛。这种结构既无法实现对整个网络管理的联动互调,又增加了网管人员的工作压力,但这却是网络建设中必须要经过的步骤。介绍宝鸡广电目前众多网管系统的建设使用情况,在当前独立网管建设过程中,就如何充分发挥各网管在设备管理中的重要作用、如何保障在今后综合网络建设中的平滑过渡等问题进行探讨。     

Instandhaltungskonzepte für Hochspannungsschaltanlagen

Optimized maintenance not only serves to increase availability, but is also a precondition for more safety, more reliability and more cost effectiveness in the power supply industry! It must be discussed whether from the economic viewpoint the optimum approach is to adopt measures to extend the lifetime, upgrading existing equipment or making use of now equipment. Maintenance management systems and status-oriented strategies (reliability contred maintenance) are gaining increasing importance.     

The invention of the transistor

The invention of the transistor almost 50 years ago was one of the most important technical developments of this century. It has had profound impact on the way we live and the way we work. The first part of this paper covers the events that led to the discovery of the transistor effect and the invention of the point contact transistor in December of 1947. It continues with the development of the theory of the junction transistor in early 1948 and the fabrication of the first grown junction transistor in 1950. It is fair to say that this event completed the invention of the transistor and developed a fundamental understanding of how it worked. The second part of the paper describes the major hurdles that had to be overcome and the major breakthroughs that had to be made to turn an exciting invention into a far reaching technical innovation. This phase took approximately another 10 years. By that time, high performance, high reliability transistors could be manufactured in large quantity and at low cost. Importantly the foundation had been laid for the invention of the integrated circuit and the dramatic development of the microelectronics industry. The final part of the paper suggests some of the reasons why such an important technological innovation could occur in a relatively short period of time and be such an unqualified success. Finally, there are some comments on how much further this technology can go and when its rapid progress may come to an end     

单片机实现DTMF或FSK来电显示

通过单片机(例如：HT95系列、EMC78系列、MCS51系列等)和外围电路的设计应用三级管的3个特性区，结合程序来实现来电显示的解码。此方法能提供比较高的稳定性和可靠性。在设计应用中，免去了因采用FSK或DTMF专有解码芯片的高额成本。     

Reliability and Cost of Avionics

This paper is an outgrowth of an investigation to determine how avionic equipment reliability might be improved articularly in view of the experience gained on the ``Minuteman' high reliability program. The latter program showed that missile electronics reliability could be improved over commercial equipments of similar complexity by several orders of magnitude by emphasis on highly reliable components. No attempt was made to resort to redundancy to obtain reliability with existing components. The basic premise in emphasizing best possible components was that over a period of time, proachhis approach was the only one that was economically feasible. The high cost of unreliability cannot be overstressed, and particularly in view of current cost trends, suggests that this philosophy also makes sense in commercial avionics.     

关于通信机房空调改造工程的几个问题探讨

针对通信设备升级换代或设备增容带来的用电量增加、发热量增大而进行的机房空调改造工程，本文介绍目前常见的几种改造形式及实施改造中注意的问题，对今后通信机房空调设计中系统形式、设备选型、可扩展性等也提出建议供设计人员参考。     

HDI板高厚径比微盲孔跨层微导通孔技术开发

高厚径比微盲孔的HDI板制作通常需要很好的孔金属化能力保障其导通可靠性,但所需生产设备及其配套成本让不少厂商望而却步。本文所述高厚径比微盲孔跨层微导通孔（skip-μvia）技术,通过定位精度控制、激光钻孔参数调整以及制板流程优化等工艺的开发,能以更低的成本、更高的品质、更短的加工流程以及常规孔金属化设备实现高厚径比的微盲孔制造,从而降低了高厚径比微盲孔HDI板制造的难度。     

Techniques for Optimum Spares Allocation: A Tutorial Review

In many modern complex systems the problem of achieving high reliability leads to the use of interchangeable modular components accompanied by a stock of spare parts. This paper examines, compares, and assesses several of the techniques presented in the literature for allocating the numbers of spares of each part type to be stocked in order to maximize the system reliability subject to constraints on resources (i.e., weight, volume, cost, etc.). The problem of optimum spares allocation is complicated since resources are consumed in a discrete fashion and the expression for the system reliability is a nonlinear transcendental function. The classical dynamic programming algorithm produces all optimal spares allocations; however, the solution can become computationally intractable even with the aid of a modern high-speed digital computer. In the case of multiple constraints the time problem is vastly exacerbated. In such a case one must turn to a procedure that yields a near-optimal solution in a reasonable amount of computer time. Two approximate methods discussed in this paper are the incremental reliability per pound algorithm and the Lagrange multiplier algorithm. These algorithms are readily adaptable to handle multiple constraints. Computer programs are developed for each of the three optimization algorithms and are utilized to obtain the spares allocation for a few systems. The optimization theory presented is directly applicable to series or parallel systems. A concluding example illustrates how this can be extended to certain series-parallel systems.     

How to Measure Software Reliability and How Not To

The paper criticises the underlying assumptions which have been made in much early modeling of computer software reliability. The following suggestions will improve modeling. 1) Do not apply hardware techniques to software without thinking carefully. Software differs from hardware in important respects; we ignore these at our peril. In particular-2) Do not use MTTF, MTBF for software, unless certain that they exist. Even then, remember that- 3) Distributions are always more informative than moments or parameters; so try to avoid commitment to a single measure of reliability. Anyway- 4) There are better measures than MTTF. Percentiles and failure rates are more intuitively appealing than means. S) Software reliability means operational reliability. Who cares how many bugs are in a program? We should be concerned with their effect on its operation. In fact- 6) Bug identification (and elimination) should be separated from reliability measurement, if only to ensure that the measurers do not have a vested interest in getting good results. 7) Use a Bayesian approach and do not be afraid to be subjective. All our statements will ultimately be about our beliefs in the quality of programs. 8) Do not stop at a reliability analysis; try to model life-time utility (or cost) of programs. 9) Now is the time to devote effort to structural models. 10) Structure should be of a kind appropriate to software, e.g. top-down, modular.     

Sensors and signal conditioning

The challenge we take up in this fourth installment in a series of tutorials in instrumentation and measurement is to consider how to make a sensor work in a measurement system. Signal conditioning broadly includes the steps needed to make the sensor an active part of a measurement system by providing excitation, if required, and then performing the preliminary actions needed to obtain a signal that can be processed. What's done to and with that signal is the subject of future parts of this tutorial series. Luckily, we don't have to wait that long to get results, because the output of the signal conditioning stage can be used for something as simple as driving a display subsystem so that we see results. Signal conditioning is a critical step in a measurement system but so is each element as emphasized by the serial model we have been using so far to depict the basic elements of an instrument. However, it is important to keep in mind that many overall performance limits of a measurement are strongly influenced by what happens in the signal conditioning stage. For example, linearity, accuracy, noise rejection, and long-term drift behaviors will be strongly affected by decisions made here.     

The Innovation of Service-Life Effectiveness

Technical innovation in this age of integrated electronics may be viewed as three interrelated ``people processes,' each aimed at either improving cost, performance, or reliability?three criteria of system effectiveness that allow choice and evaluation of alternate solutions to a problem. These tradeoffs must be chosen on the basis of an overall criterion of system effectiveness, such as service, to be measured by performance per total annual dollar of expense. Materials, devices, and systems are the specialist levels of innovation in integrated electronics. Each level performs four basic functions including 1) formulation of requirements on the entity as a whole, 2) establishment, by analysis, of a design theory based on a hypothesized model, 3) exploration of methods for fabricating structures to meet specified requirements, and 4) development of test methods to measure the actual functions produced. These functions must be iterated for performance, cost, and reliability. When cost and reliability are added to performance as equally important requirements, design, reliability, and manufacturing people all must influence tradeoff decisions. This complexity is illustrated by examining, on only the devices level, the kinds of information that must be generated and combined in the three iterations for performance, cost, and reliability. (A discussion of the development of semiconductor devices for the Telstar? satellite further illustrates some of these points.) It is concluded that the virtue of developing a well-ordered structure for such a complex innovation process lies in calling for the right kinds of information at the right time, and identifying missing knowledge.     

通用航空RDSS机载设备研究及设计

本文设计了一套集成 RDSS 卫星通信和 3G/4G 数据通信的机载设备，实现通用航空飞行器的应急通信与定位功能，提供低成本多通道的数据通信，强化了飞行器的安全保障，补充通用航空空域管制的覆盖区域。设备具备体积小，集成度高，可以根据用户需求自定制，具有较高的可扩展性和可裁剪性，电源部分采用软开关控制方式，具有较强的可靠性和可维护性。     

Understanding Network Equipment Reliability

This paper reviews the concepts and techniques that have been adopted by BT in order to understand network equipment reliability. The ideas presented are largely generic, in the sense that they can be applied irrespective of whether the equipment is intended for a core network or an access network application. In particular, the paper examines the relationship between out-turn reliability and the reliability that might be guaranteed by an equipment manufacturer. The relevance of confidence limits to reliability modelling and in-service reliability monitoring is also discussed, and ideas presented on how reliability monitoring can be applied to resilient networks. It is shown that in competitive situations, there are good reasons why reliability modellers should use failure rate data whose upper confidence limit is 50%. In contrast, it is shown that for practical reasons, in-service monitoring schemes should not be based on specific confidence levels.