预裂缝减震作用下爆破地震波的频谱特征分析

研究在微风化花岗岩石场地深孔爆破地震波通过一条长26 m,深7 m的预裂缝振动传播规律.试验数据分析表明,预裂缝的减震效果与测点与预裂缝的减震效果有关.通过对试验中5个测点处不同测点间的振动强度与比例距离的数据回归分析,预裂缝的减震效果具有一个有效作用范围,在比例距离范围为0.031～0.051kg1/3/m时,减震效果为15%～30%.试验中预裂缝对爆破地震波的透射率为19%～31%.频谱分析表明,预裂缝对爆破地震波的振动频率具有选择吸收的作用,相当于一个滤波器.经预裂缝作用下的爆破地震波在近测点处具有2个明显主振频带;随着传播距离的增加,地震波的两主振频带信号开始混叠,频带逐渐接近并表现为一个主振动频带.     

缓冲孔对爆破振动信号幅频特性影响研究

为探索缓冲孔对爆破振动信号的峰值质点振动速度、主振频率和各频带能量分布等的影响,依托贵州某露天矿临近边坡爆破振动试验,获得了现场主爆破和缓冲爆破的振动信号。分别采用小波包分析和数值模拟方法对采用主爆破和缓冲爆破的振动信号进行分析。结果表明,临近边坡缓冲爆破具有明显的减震效应。相同测点条件下,水平切向振动信号的减振率最大,减振效果最好。且随着测点距爆源的距离越近,其减振效果越好。爆破振动信号的能量主要集中于60 Hz以内且分布极不均匀,存在多个主振频带。设置缓冲孔进行临近边坡爆破时,其振动信号的能量更向高频的主振频带集中,有利于避开边坡的自振频率。     

基于HHT方法的煤矿巷道掘进爆破地震波信号分析

采用HHT方法和EMD分解对煤矿巷道掘进爆破地震波信号的频谱特征、能量分布进行了研究。结果表明：掘进爆破振动的主振频率在100Hz~250 Hz范围内,而主要能量集中在160~260Hz,在0~160 Hz频带范围内能量小、且分布较为均匀。由于采用微差爆破,与质点振动的幅值相对应,振动的能量主要集中在0.25s~0.31s、0.35s~0.4s两个时间段,瞬时能量存在四个峰值,瞬时能量最大的是崩落眼装药起爆。并结合研究成果,从爆破能量控制的角度提出了降低爆破地震效应的对策。     

水电站扩机工程中预裂孔与主爆孔诱发的爆破振动比较分析

依托老挝南俄1水电站扩机工程爆破开挖,选取已有典型建筑设备,开展爆破振动跟踪监测,基于统计数据对比分析了主爆孔与预裂孔诱发爆破振动的差异;借助光滑粒子流(SPH)数值计算方法,从装药结构、起爆方式及抵抗线大小三个方面,分析了造成主爆孔与预裂孔爆破振动差异的原因.结果表明:预裂孔诱发的爆破振动峰值水平普遍高于主爆孔;装药...     

切缝药包预裂爆破减振技术试验研究

针对城市地铁区间隧道施工掏槽眼爆破所致振速大之问题,通过在掏槽眼上方600 mm处横向布置5-7个预裂孔,采用不同药包进行预裂爆破形成裂缝及裂隙区,减少、阻碍掏槽眼爆破所致振动波向上传播,从而减小预裂孔本身爆破所致振速,使振速降低。研究结果表明,采用预裂爆破,拱顶上方质点Z向振速最大,侧向质点Y向振速最大;较在循环进尺、总装药量及炮眼数目基本不变情况下,采用5孔切缝药包预裂爆破降振效果最明显;侧向采用5孔普通药包预裂爆破降振效果最明显;切缝药包预裂爆破时随预裂孔总装药量的增加,拱顶及侧向爆破振动增强。施工中应综合考虑现场实际情况,选择合理的减振措施,实现安全高效施工。     

段药量对爆破振动信号时频特性的影响研究

为研究段药量对爆破振动信号时频特性的影响,进行不同段药量的单孔爆破振动试验。基于实测数据,利用小波分析和ＡＯＫ时频分布相结合的方法,对不同段药量的爆破振动信号在不同频带内展开,并以频带能量比、频带能量持续时间为指标,研究段药量对爆破振动信号时频特性的影响。结果表明,段药量对爆破振动信号时频特性影响很大：随着段药量的增加,爆破振动信号的低频能量所占总能量的比例增加且频带能量的持续时间相应延长。研究成果可揭示段药量对爆破振动信号时频特性的影响,并为从能量的角度进行抗振、降振的研究提供分析基础。     

最终边坡预裂爆破技术参数及应用效果分析

为了保证边坡稳定性及减小爆破振动效应,对大宝山矿区889～877 m平台最终边坡采用了深孔台阶爆破、缓冲爆破与预裂爆破相结合的技术方案。根据边坡预裂爆破中预裂缝的形成是爆炸应力波和髙压气体联合作用的分析结果,和889～877 m平台最终边坡的主爆孔、缓冲孔、预裂孔相关的爆破参数,进行了现场实验。结果表明:爆破实施后,889～877 m平台最终边坡的半孔率高达85%,不平整度较低,较好地保证了最终边坡的稳定性,并将爆破振动的影响控制在安全范围之内。     

深部地层地应力水平与爆破振动频率特征的相关性

不同的地应力水平对深部岩体爆破振动的频率和能量分布具有重要影响。通过对不同地应力水平的深埋隧洞爆破开挖过程中实测围岩振动信号进行快速傅里叶变换,采用功率谱分析方法研究振动信号在不同频带上的能量分布。研究表明,实测爆破振动的低频振动(<50 Hz)能量占总振动能量的百分比随应力水平的提高而增加;爆破振动在其频域中除了有一个主振频率外,还存在多个子频带,且各子频带振动的能量与主频带振动能量的差距随应力水平的提高而减小;伴随爆破破岩过程而发生的应变能瞬态释放效应诱发围岩振动的主频一般比爆炸荷载诱发振动的主频低;在50 MPa或更高应力水平下,应变能释放诱发的振动能量与爆炸荷载诱发振动能量大致相当。     

深部地层地应力水平与爆破振动频率特征的相关性

不同的地应力水平对深部岩体爆破振动的频率和能量分布具有重要影响。通过对不同地应力水平的深埋隧洞爆破开挖过程中实测围岩振动信号进行快速傅里叶变换,采用功率谱分析方法研究振动信号在不同频带上的能量分布。研究表明,实测爆破振动的低频振动(50 Hz)能量占总振动能量的百分比随应力水平的提高而增加;爆破振动在其频域中除了有一个主振频率外,还存在多个子频带,且各子频带振动的能量与主频带振动能量的差距随应力水平的提高而减小;伴随爆破破岩过程而发生的应变能瞬态释放效应诱发围岩振动的主频一般比爆炸荷载诱发振动的主频低;在50 MPa或更高应力水平下,应变能释放诱发的振动能量与爆炸荷载诱发振动能量大致相当。     

市内复杂环境下大药量爆破降振及振动监测分析的研究

在周边高楼林立,人员密集,车流量大的环境下进行地基与地下车库大爆破开挖,对周边建筑进行爆破振动实时监控,并对所监测的振动数据进行分析。发现：爆区周边各测点峰值较小（小于1cm/s）,不会对周边结构造成危害;同等水平高度下,东西方向（纵向）测点各相关量（爆破振动峰值、持时、主频和信号能量）均高于南北方向（横向）测点各相关量;纵向测点频谱能量分布比横向测点频谱能量分布更为集中,各测点竖直向振动信号能量主要集中在3.90625-62.5Hz范围内。爆破振动在高楼楼层之间传播时,随着楼层高度的增加,竖直向爆破振动峰值和信号响应能量增大,信号频谱能量分布更加集中,顶层振动峰值约为底层振动峰值的2倍,顶层信号响应能量约为底层信号响应能量的3倍     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。