南瓜果胶酸解提取技术

开展南瓜果胶酸法提取技术的研究,针对影响南瓜果胶得率的因素进行单因素试验,并在此基础上开展正交试验的研究,结果表明,南瓜果胶提取最佳工艺条件为pH1.5,时间1.5h,物料粒度0.2mm,料液比1∶35(g/mL).经分析,南瓜果胶的酯化度为55.73%,属于高酯果胶.     

南瓜果胶不同提取方法的研究

以南瓜果肉为材料,采用咔唑比色的方法,通过正交试验,分别研究超声波法、纤维素酶法和离子交换树脂法提取南瓜果胶的最佳提取条件。结果表明：超声波法的最佳提取工艺条件为：超声波功率400W,时间35min,液料比10:1(ml/g),果胶得率5.98%;纤维素酶法提取果胶的最佳工艺条件为：酶解时间2.0h,pH4.5,酶解温度55℃,加酶量0.5%,果胶得率9.56%;离子交换树脂法提取果胶的最佳工艺条件为：树脂用量15%,料液比为1:20(g/ml),pH2.5,时间2.0h,温度80℃,果胶得率7.62%。三种提取方法进行比较,纤维素酶法果胶得率最高,为南瓜果胶的最佳提取工艺。     

椰花汁多糖醇沉工艺的研究

研究椰花汁多糖的醇沉淀工艺。首先采用单因素试验研究粗多糖液浓缩度、乙醇体积数、沉淀时间和pH对多糖沉淀率的影响,然后采用正交优化试验探讨最佳工艺参数。结果表明,醇沉淀工艺的最佳条件为:粗多糖液浓缩度0.8,按1∶4加入85%乙醇溶液,pH7.0、4℃下沉淀18h,在该条件下,沉淀率达98.00%。     

营养南瓜汁饮料的工艺研究

采用酶处理南瓜浆液,可降低其粘度,提高出汁率,维持该体系的稳定性;确定了南瓜汁饮料生产的工艺条件,用0.3%稀醋酸溶液热烫南瓜5min,Novo公司提供的果浆酶制剂对南瓜浆进行酶解,复合稳定剂(果胶∶黄原胶=1∶1)用量为1.6g/kg.     

酶解速溶保健南瓜粉加工技术研究

通过采用酶水解方法和真空浓缩、喷雾干燥技术研制出了酶解速溶保健南瓜粉,改善了南瓜粉的色泽,提高了水溶性。通过单因素和正交试验确定了果胶酶水解南瓜果浆的最适条件是在南瓜浆原始的pH条件下,用30mg/kg的酶浓度,在40℃下酶解150min,南瓜浆水解较为彻底,采用该水解法水解后的南瓜浆再经真空浓缩和喷雾干燥,所得的南瓜粉色泽和水溶性均较好。     

柑桔皮中果胶的提取工艺研究

通过正交实验法对果胶提取的最佳条件进行探讨,选用HCI水解,得到果胶的最佳提取工艺条件为:T=90℃,t=2.0h,pH=2.0),选用80%乙醇来沉淀果胶,果胶得率为20.3%.并探讨了H:O2对果胶脱色的影响,得出适宜条件为:在室温下,加入4～6mL H2.O2/1OOmL果胶提取液,脱色时间为24～72h.     

仙人掌果胶提取工艺的研究

对用酸水解法从仙人掌皮渣中提取果胶的工艺条件进行了研究。通过正交实验得到最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1：12,用硫酸调pH值至2.0,95℃提取2h。按提取液体积的1%加入颗粒活性炭,60℃下脱色40min,离心分离液进行真空浓缩后添加酒精至浓度80%进行沉淀,分离后可得纯度为70%的果胶,其果胶提取率为17.8%(干基)。     

金针菇多糖提取新工艺的优化

对金针菇子实体多糖的提取新工艺进行了系统的优化研究。结果表明 ,子实体多糖提取的最优工艺为 :原料经预处理 ,经 0 .15 %的纤维素酶在 40℃、pH4 5条件下水解 3h ,再用 2 0倍样品重量的水在 10 0℃、pH6 5条件下浸提 1h ,过滤 ,滤液经MWCO5 0 0 0的超滤膜在40℃、0 .2MPa下浓缩至原体积的 1/3后用终体积分数为 70 %的乙醇沉淀 ,经脱蛋白干燥 ,得到纯品金针菇多糖 ,产率为 19 9g/g(干重 ) ,说明用超滤浓缩代替热浓缩是可行的。     

菠萝蜜丝果胶提取工艺优化

采用酸提取方法对菠萝蜜丝果胶的提取工艺条件进行研究,考察乙醇浓度、沉淀时间、提取温度、提取液pH、液料比、提取时间等因素对果胶提取率的影响。确定了酸提取菠萝蜜丝果胶的最佳工艺条件:乙醇浓度为70%、沉淀时间为50 min、提取液pH为2.5、提取温度为95℃、提取时间90 min、液料比为20∶1(mL/g)。在最佳提取工艺条件下,菠萝蜜丝中果胶的提取率为2.12%。     

酸酶联合法制备南瓜果胶的研究

以南瓜为原料,用稀酸进行预处理,再利用复合酶水解制备南瓜果胶,通过单因素和正交实验确定酸酶联合法制备南瓜果胶的最佳工艺。结果表明:酸预处理的最佳工艺条件为:酸解液p H 2.0,酸解温度90℃,酸解时间1.5h,液料比6.0m L/g;复合酶水解的最佳工艺条件为:复合酶总用量为90mg/100g,纤维素酶和半纤维素酶质量比为1.3∶1,酶解温度50℃,酶解p H 4.5,酶解时间2.0h。在该条件下,最终南瓜果胶提取率为0.86%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.