CRTM云模式的建立与敏感性试验

云污染会严重影响云区辐射的模拟,导致大量云区卫星资料被废弃。结 合快速辐射传输模式(Community Radiative Transfer Model, CRTM)的应用现状以及 红外遥感原理,对CRTM模式中的辐射传输模块进行了修改,并提出了能够模拟云 区红外辐射的CRTM云模式。利用CRTM云模式模拟了高光谱大气红外探测 器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)的通道亮温,并针对云模式中新增的参数进行了 敏感性分析。结果表明,随着通道高度的下移,对卫星接收辐射贡献较大的大气层也在下移,偏 差大值区所处的高度也越来越低;在偏差大值区中,偏差值会随着云量的增加而增大,直到全云覆盖时,偏 差值最大;云量较大时,输入的温度廓线的垂直变化会引起云顶发射辐射产生相同的垂 直分布,这与用CRTM云模式模拟出的亮温随云顶高度抬升而出现的垂直变化一致;用CRTM云模 式模拟的亮温值对新增的云量和云顶高度参数的敏感性较强,符合大气红外辐射传输的规律。     

红外卫星资料的云检测对台风数值模拟的影响

为提高红外卫星资料的利用率,需将更多的资料同化进入数值预报模式初始场,尽量减小云污染的影响。针对大气红外探测器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)卫星资料,用云检测方法识别了云顶高度。在验证该方法的有效性之后,在大范围卫星视场的含云区域中保留所有云顶以上的通道,并将这些通道的亮温数据同化进入数值预报模式初始场,通过对比分析不同方案下台风的模拟路径来评估云检测方法对台风数值模拟的影响。结果表明,该云检测方法的效果较好,检测出的晴空区及云区的分布与实际观测对应,检测得到的高云顶区域与台风云系的对应性较好。将云顶以上的通道亮温加以利用后,红外卫星资料的利用率得到很大提高,数据是原数据量的2.4倍。在台风路径模拟方面,同化云层以上的通道数据后,数据量的增加使路径模拟变得更精确了,与观测值明显接近。     

卷云高度对大气的红外光谱辐射影响的研究

利用通用大气辐射传输软件(CART)计算了不同高度卷云大气红外光谱辐射亮温,着重分析了卷云高度对不同红外波段红外亮温谱、卷云有效尺度以及光学厚度反演的影响。研究发现:对流层顶以下,大气窗口波段的亮温随着卷云高度的变化和大气温度廓线基本一致,790~960 cm-1波段亮温的斜率随卷云高度的增加而变大。亮温差BTD[900~1 231 cm-1]对薄卷云和小的有效尺度随卷云高度的变化较明显。对于厚卷云,亮温差BTD[900~1 559 cm-1]随卷云高度的变化基本上不依赖于卷云有效尺度和光学厚度。在卷云参数的光学定量遥感中需考虑卷云高度变化的影响。     

基于多角度偏振信息反演海洋上空卷云云顶高度

采用偏振辐射信息反演云顶高度时,为了减小由云层及地表偏振辐射特性变化带来的反演结果不确定度,使用490 nm和865 nm通道多角度偏振信息反演卷云云顶高度.理论分析大气顶偏振特征,给出490 nm与865 nm通道偏振特性差异,说明使用此两通道偏振反射率差反演云顶高度的可行性.假设卷云为一般种类混合模型(General Habit Mixture,GHM),使用倍加累加矢量辐射传输模型计算和分析大气顶490 nm和865 nm通道偏振反射率差对卷云有效粒子半径、光学厚度和云顶压强的敏感性.分析表明,当卷云光学厚度大于3时,偏振反射率差对有效粒子半径和光学厚度的变化不敏感,对云顶压强变化敏感.根据敏感性分析结果选择适当的参数构建偏振反射率差查找表,使用查找表方法反演POLDER3数据的卷云云顶高度,并与POLDER3产品和MODIS产品进行比较.结果表明,与POLDER3的官方算法相比,使用偏振反射率差查找表方法有更宽的散射角适用范围,反演结果与MODIS产品有更好的一致性.     

“艾利”台风过程中FY-2C与TRMM卫星红外通道信号差异分析

为了了解不同卫星平台上类似仪器探测结果的差异,分析对比了2005年8月27日至9月3日"艾利"台风期间,风云二号C星(FY-2C)自旋扫描辐射器(VISSR)与热带测雨卫星(TRMM)可见光及红外扫描仪(VIRS)中红外和远红外探测结果差异。研究结果表明,70%以上的VISSR和VIRS红外辐射亮温差小于5 K;晴空状况下VIRS较VISSR红外通道平均亮温偏低幅度小于1.5 K;有云情况下远红外通道VIRS比VISSR相应通道亮温平均偏高幅度也小于1.5 K,但中红外通道VIRS与VISSR的亮温差异较大,且随着云顶的升高,差异也增大。     

正则化变分同化AIRS红外高光谱水汽资料研究

结合经典变分同化和正则化约束两者的优点,对多正则化参数约束变分同化方法进行了研究。与经典变分同化中背景和观测项对目标泛函等权重不同,正则化约束对观测项权重进行调节,并在正则化参数优化时基于Huber-估计法给定权重函数。高光谱大气红外探测器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)水汽通道模拟亮温试验表明,本文的变分法同化AIRS亮温资料比经典变分同化法的效果更好。基于信号自由度诊断了观测资料对分析场的影响,结果表明本文的方法能够有效挖掘水汽通道的亮温信息。     

青海湖地区NCEP资料对风云二号C星热红外通道绝对辐射定标影响研究

为了分析大气廓线中温度和相对湿度变化对风云二号C星(FY-2C)热红外通道定标的影响,分别利用2005年6月25日青海湖场地定标试验的实际探空数据和对应时刻NCEP(美国国家环境预报中心)全球再分析大气廓线资料(简称NCEP资料)对FY-2C热红外通道进行定标计算,两种方法定标结果一致.利用2003年8月的14次青海湖实际探空数据和对应时刻的NCEP资料进行FY-2C热红外通道入瞳辐亮度和亮温的对比计算,利用辐射传输计算软件(MODTRAN 3.7)进行大气廓线对FY-2C热红外通道入瞳辐亮度和亮温的敏感性试验.计算结果表明对于青海湖地区,NCEP资料可用于FY-2C热红外通道的辐射定标计算.     

部分云覆盖下红外辐射传输模型及对火山灰云的敏感性研究

针对我国新一代地球同步气象卫星FY-4的预期发射和数据应用,本文借助与FY-4卫星成像仪类似的Meteosat-8卫星的SEVIRI仪器数据资料开展先期研究,建立了一种部分云覆盖条件下红外辐射传输模型,模拟了不同大气条件、火山灰云高度、有效云量和观测天顶角情况下卫星观测的红外通道的亮度温度的变化。美国标准气候态大气廓线和火山灰区实时大气廓线两种模拟结果都表明,模型模拟的8.3~9.1μm,9.8~11.8μm,11~13μm,12.4~14.4μm的入瞳亮度温度对云高度、有效云量较为敏感,基本呈线性相关;卫星天顶角对模拟的辐射亮温的影响相对较小。通过不同大气廓线状态和火山灰云发射率情景下的测试结果表明,只有同时考虑大气条件和火山灰云通道发射率的差异后,模式才能够较好地模拟出火山爆发情景下火山灰云中酸性物质在11μm和12μm的反吸收特性。与大气条件相比,通道的发射率差异对火山灰云的遥感建模更为重要。因此,可在传统的分裂窗通道的基础上,通过热红外多通道亮温及亮温差异信息联合反演火山灰云高度和有效云量等因子,提高部分覆盖下火山灰云的微物理参数的反演精度。本研究为建立基于我国新一代静止气象卫星FY-4数据的火山灰云浓度定量反演模型提供了理论基础。     

红外高光谱资料云检测方法研究

从红外高光谱资料的特点和应用现状出发,通过用晴空时观测光谱和背景光谱偏差矢量最小原理研究了特定云状下不同云量、云高和云水含量对观测光谱的影响,提出了一种新的红外高光谱资料云检测方法。从云污染视场中检测出不受云影响的通道,并用通过辐射传输模式(Radiative Transfer for (A)TOVS, RTTOV)模拟的大气红外探测器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)资料和实测数据进行了方法可行性和有效性验证。结果表明,该方法能有效地提高云污染区域红外高光谱资料的利用率,可为有云覆盖情况下的大气参数反演提供有效途径。     

红外高光谱资料云检测方法研究

从红外高光谱资料的特点和应用现状出发,通过用晴空时观测光谱和背景光谱偏差矢量最小原理研究了特定云状下不同云量、云高和云水含量对观测光谱的影响,提出了一种新的红外高光谱资料云检测方法。从云污染视场中检测出不受云影响的通道,并用通过辐射传输模式(Radiative Transfer for(A)TOVS,RTTOV)模拟的大气红外探测器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder,AIRS)资料和实测数据进行了方法可行性和有效性验证。结果表明,该方法能有效地提高云污染区域红外高光谱资料的利用率,可为有云覆盖情况下的大气参数反演提供有效途径。     

AIRS/Vis near IR instrument

A component of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument system is the AIRS/Visible Near InfraRed (Vis/NIR) instrument. With a nadir ground resolution of 2.28 km and four channels, the Vis/NIR instrument provides diagnostic support to the infrared retrievals from the AIRS instrument and several research products, including surface solar flux studies. The AIRS Vis/NIR is composed of three narrowband (channel 1: 0.40-0.44 /spl mu/m; channel 2: 0.58-0.68 /spl mu/m, and channel 3: 0.71-0.92 /spl mu/m) and one broadband (channel 4: 0.49-0.94 /spl mu/m) channel, each a linear detector array of nine pixels. It is calibrated onboard with three tungsten lamps. Vicarious calibrations using ground targets of known reflectance and a cross-calibration with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) augment the onboard calibration. One of AIRS Vis/NIR's principal supporting functions is the detection of low clouds to flag these conditions for atmospheric temperature retrievals. Once clouds are detected, a cloud height index is obtained based on the ratio (channel 2 - channel 3)/channel 1 that is sensitive to the partitioning of water vapor absorption above and below clouds. The determination of the surface solar radiation flux is principally based on channel 4 broadband measurements and the well-established relationship between top-of-the atmosphere (broadband) radiance and the surface irradiance.     

Satellite-Observed Location of Stratocumulus Cloud-Top Heights in the Presence of Strong Inversions

Infrared channels on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used to infer cloud-top pressure (CTP), temperature, and effective cloud amount or emissivity. For low clouds, those with tops at pressures greater than 700 hPa, the infrared window 11-mum channel brightness temperature is used to determine the CTP and the corresponding cloud-top temperature by comparison with the temperature profile obtained from the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System meteorological analysis. In the presence of strong inversions which are common for marine stratus and stratocumulus, this leads to the identification of an erroneously high cloud-top height (CTH). This discrepancy is illustrated by comparing MODIS CTHs with those inferred from the geometric method used by the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer on the same satellite platform, and field observations. The error in CTH is typically about 2 km and depends on the shape of the actual temperature profile. It is shown that column water vapor above cloud retrieved from the MODIS solar infrared channels in the vicinity of the 0.94-mum water vapor absorption band can be used to flag the error and that the location of the true CTH could possibly be obtained using lapse rate formulations for cloud-topped boundary layers.     

Calibration of the AIRS microwave instruments

Aqua carries three microwave radiometers that form an integral part of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) sounding suite. Two Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A modules, one operating with two channels in the 23-31-GHz range and one operating with 12 channels in the 50-60-GHz range and one channel at 89 GHz, provide all-weather temperature soundings and cloud information. The Humidity Sounder for Brazil operates with four channels in the 150-190-GHz range and provides all-weather humidity and cloud soundings. All are cross-track scanners, as is AIRS. While there are significant differences between these three instruments, they are sufficiently alike that a common approach can be used to calibrate them. We describe the instruments and their heritage, the onboard calibration system, and the ground-based calibration processing.     

Prelaunch spectral calibration of the atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS)

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is a high-resolution infrared sounder launched aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aqua satellite on May 4, 2002. AIRS is a grating spectrometer with 2378 channels located between 15 and 3.8 /spl mu/m, with nominal resolving powers of /spl nu///spl Delta//spl nu/=1200. As the first of a new generation of upcoming infrared instruments with similar spectral coverage and resolution, there will be much interest in the performance of AIRS. The ability to retrieve good atmospheric profiles from AIRS observations will depend in part upon our knowledge of the spectral response of AIRS to the upwelling radiance. This paper discusses the spectral calibration of AIRS based upon an extensive set of laboratory test data generated by the instruments prime contractor, BAE. In particular, we describe the calibration of the AIRS spectral response functions, showing that our requirement for accuracies of "1% of a width" have been achieved.     

Prelaunch and in-flight radiometric calibration of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

With 2378 infrared spectral channels ranging in wavelength from 3.7-15.4 /spl mu/m, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) represents a quantum leap in spaceborne sounding instruments. Each channel of the AIRS instrument has a well-defined spectral bandshape and must be radiometrically calibrated to standards developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This paper defines the algorithms, methods, and test results of the prelaunch radiometric calibration of the AIRS infrared channels and the in-flight calibration approach. Derivation of the radiometric transfer equations is presented with prelaunch measurements of the radiometric accuracy achieved on measurements of independent datasets.     

风云三号气象卫星红外分光计在轨交叉定标精度监测系统

为了满足定量遥感对红外探测仪器定标精度监测的需求,采用风云三号气象卫星红外分光计(IRAS)与国际基准红外高光谱探测仪器进行交叉比对的方法,建立了FY-3C气象卫星红外分光计与高光谱仪器IASI的在轨交叉定标精度监测系统.通过对2014年一年的IRAS观测数据的定标精度监测和分析,结果显示,IRAS与IASI的相关系数均在0.98以上,通道1和18的定标偏差最大,分别为-3.7 K和2.1 K,通道9和16也有超过1K的偏差,其他通道的平均偏差均在1 K以内.地表观测通道8、9、18、19、20由于受卫星观测时空变化频繁的影响偏差标准差较大,在1.5~3 K左右,其他通道观测误差稳定性较好,均在1.5 K以内.通道2、3、4,10~13的定标偏差随目标亮温变化趋势不明显,通道14~20定标偏差随目标亮温变化趋势最强,最低和最高目标亮温对应的定标偏差之间的差别最大可达到5 K.定标偏差的时间序列分析表明大部分通道的定标偏差在一年的时间内保持稳定,变化幅度不超过0.3 K;通道15、19、20的定标偏差变化幅度约为1 K,通道1、14、16、17、18定标偏差一年的变化范围达到2~4 K.总之,在轨交叉定标精度监测系统为实时监测定标精度的变化提供了有效工具,为诊断仪器性能和改进定标方案提供了参考依据.     

Formulation and validation of simulated data for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

Models for synthesizing radiance measurements by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are described. Synthetic radiances have been generated for developing and testing data processing algorithms. The radiances are calculated from geophysical states derived from weather forecasts and climatology using the AIRS rapid transmission algorithm. The data contain horizontal variability at the spatial resolution of AIRS from the surface and cloud fields. This is needed to test retrieval algorithms under partially cloudy conditions. The surface variability is added using vegetation and International Geosphere Biosphere Programme surface type maps, while cloud variability is added randomly. The radiances are spectrally averaged to create High Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS) data, and this is compared with actual HIRS2 data on the NOAA 14 satellite. The simulated data under-represent high-altitude equatorial cirrus clouds and have too much local variability. They agree in the mean to within 1-4 K, and global standard deviation agrees to better than 2 K. Simulated data have been a valuable tool for developing retrieval algorithms and studying error characteristics and will continue to be so after launch.