TC4钛合金流动软化行为及本构模型研究

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验,研究了TC4钛合金在温度800~950℃、应变速率0.001~10 s~(-1)条件下的流动软化行为。研究发现随变形温度降低和应变速率增大TC4钛合金的流动软化程度增大,且800~850℃、应变速率1~10 s~(-1)变形时的流动软化主要是塑形流动失稳引起的,温度900~950℃、应变速率0.001~0.1 s~(-1)条件变形时,流动软化主要是片状α相的等轴化引起的。引入应变对材料常数α、n、A和Q的影响,建立了考虑应变的TC4钛合金Arrhenius本构方程,建立的本构模型精度较好,在800,850℃和10 s~(-1)条件以及在900,950℃和0.1 s~(-1)条件下,模型平均绝对误差分别为4.2%和4.3%。TC4钛合金的平均变形激活能为403 kJ/mol,平均应变速率敏感指数为0.26。     

粉末冶金TC4钛合金热压缩动态软化行为分析

对粉末冶金TC4钛合金在温度为850～950℃,应变速率为0.1～10 s~(-1)范围内进行热模拟压缩实验获得了应力-应变曲线,建立了材料本构方程,描述了粉末冶金TC4钛合金的流变行为。进一步对动态软化行为进行了分析,并计算了各种因素对软化的影响程度。结果表明:变形温度越低,应变速率越小,流动软化程度越大;在应变速率为1和10s~(-1)时,主要是变形热导致流动软化;当应变速率为0.1 s~(-1),温度为850和900℃时,有变形热、动态相变和α相形态演化3种软化因素,且温度越低,α相形态演化导致的软化占比越大,温度增加,动态相变软化所占比例增加;当应变速率为0.1s~(-1),变形温度为950℃时,有变形热和动态相变2种软化因素,随着变形量增加,动态相变软化所占比例增大。     

TC18钛合金高温变形行为与加工图

采用Gleeble1500热模拟机进行了热压缩试验,研究了TC18钛合金在温度700～950℃,应变速率0.001～10s-1条件下的高温压缩变形行为,并根据应力-应变曲线建立了合金的加工图.研究结果表明:合金在两相区温度变形,应力-应变曲线呈现流变软化特征;而在单相温度区和高应变速率下,合金表现出间断的屈服现象.合金适宜的加工条件为T=700～850℃,(ε)=0.01～0.001s-1与T=850～900℃,(ε)=1～10s-1.合金热加工失稳区为T=700～750℃,应变速率为0.1～10s-1区域.     

TC4钛合金扩散连接区热变形特性行为研究

以TC4钛合金扩散连接区为研究对象，在变形温度920，950，980，1010 ℃及应变速率0.01，0.1，1，10 s-1的条件下进行热变形试验，研究了变形温度和应变速率对TC4钛合金扩散连接区流变应力和微观组织的影响规律。研究结果表明：TC4钛合金扩散连接区在高温下具有明显的动态软化特征，流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低，随变形速率的提高而增大；高温变形后扩散连接界面消失，随变形温度的增加，等轴α相的体积分数减少，同时伴有短棒状和板条状的次生α相出现，且次生α相的体积分数随应变速率增加逐渐降低；当变形温度达到1010 ℃时，出现马氏体α′相；以双曲正弦形式修正的Arrhenius方程为基础，建立了TC4钛合金扩散连接区双曲正弦本构方程以及热加工图，确定TC4钛合金扩散连接区的最佳变形温度为920~950 ℃，变形速率为0.01~0.1 s-1。     

粉末TC4钛合金热压缩动态软化行为分析

通过热模拟压缩实验获得的应力应变曲线表明粉末TC4钛合金在温度为850~950℃,应变速率为0.1~10s_^-1范围内变形时具有加工硬化和连续的动态软化特性,建立了材料本构方程,很好的描述了粉末TC4钛合金的流变行为。进一步对动态软化行为进行了分析,并计算了各种因素对软化的影响程度。结果表明：变形温度越低,应变速率越小,流动软化程度越大;在应变速率为1s_^-1和10s_^-1时,主要是变形热导致流动软化;当应变速率为0.1s_^-1,温度为850℃和900℃时,有变形热、动态相变和α相形态演化三种软化因素,且温度越低,α相形态演化导致的软化占比越大,温度增加,动态相变软化所占比例增加;当应变速率为0.1s_^-1,变形温度为950℃时,有变形热和动态相变两种软化因素,变形量增加,动态相变软化所占比例增大。     

基于Murty判据的TB8钛合金加工图及变形区分析

采用Gleeble3500对TB8钛合金进行等温恒应变速率热模拟压缩试验,研究该合金在温度750~900℃、应变速率0.001~10 s-1热变形参数范围内基于Murty判据的加工图,并分析TB8钛合金的热变形行为。结果表明:TB8钛合金的失稳变形区为:温度750~780℃,应变速率0.03~10 s-1;温度780~900℃,0.35~10 s-1,发生失稳变形后的组织特征为局部流动及β相晶粒的不均匀变形。较佳的稳定变形区为:温度815~885℃、应变速率0.03~0.1 s-1,发生稳定变形后的组织为动态再结晶后的等轴组织。结合预测的稳定变形区及显微组织特征可知,在单相区850℃变形时,0.1 s-1作为动态回复及动态再结晶的临界应变速率。     

Ti-62A合金热变形过程中的流变应力特性及组织演变

通过 Gleeble-3800 热模拟试验机的热压缩实验,研究了 Ti-62A 合金在 800、850、900 和 950℃,应变速率为 0.001、0.01、0.1 和 1s-1 下的热变形行为和动态再结晶（DRX）规律。结果表明：Ti-62A 合金的流变应力受应变速率和变形温度的影响显著;流变应力随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;在 900~950℃、应变速率 0.01~1s-1 条件下,Ti-62A 合金的热变形应力-应变曲线属于动态回复型;该合金的热变形机制主要由位错运动控制,其动态软化机制包括晶界滑动和位错对消、攀移机制;Ti-62A 合金在热变形过程中,动态再结晶更有可能发生在较高的温度和较低的应变速率下,即 950℃ 和 0.001s-1;基于经典位错密度理论和 DRX 动力学理论,建立了加工硬化—动态回复和 DRX 软化效应的两阶段本构模型。DEFORM-3D 软件的仿真模拟结果证实,基于 DRX 软化效应的本构模型对 Ti-62A 合金在动态再结晶阶段的热变形行为的预测具有较高的准确性,能够为实际生产工艺的制定提供技术参考。     

TC4-DT钛合金的热变形行为研究及加工图

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机进行热压缩实验,研究了TC4-DT钛合金在温度850～980℃、应变速率为0.001～10 s-1、变形量为50%条件下的热变形行为。根据应力–应变曲线分析了该合金的流变应力变化特点,建立了该合金的Arrhenius型本构方程及加工图。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度降低及应变速率增大而升高;变形温度与应变速率对TC4-DT合金应力影响显著;本实验测得的平均激活能为587.2 kJ/mol;该合金合适的加工条件为<0.6 s-1,温度大于850℃。     

5A90铝锂合金Nd:YAG激光焊缝组织的晶粒形态与晶粒取向

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机进行热压缩实验,研究了TC4-DT钛合金在温度850～980℃、应变速率为0.001～10 s-1、变形量为50％条件下的热变形行为.根据应力-应变曲线分析了该合金的流变应力变化特点,建立了该合金的Arrhenius型本构方程及加工图.结果表明:流变应力随变形温度降低及应变速率增大而升高;变形温度与应变速率对TC4-DT合金应力影响显著;本实验测得的平均激活能为587.2 kJ/mol;该合金合适的加工条件为ε＜0.6 s-1,温度大于850℃.     

热等静压态TC4钛合金高温变形行为研究

在不同变形温度(T=850～1050℃)和不同应变速率(ε觶=0.001～5s~(-1))下采用Gleeble~(-1)500D热模拟试验机对热等静压态TC4钛合金进行了高温热压缩试验,分析了真应力-真应变曲线特征及热变形参数对显微组织的影响,建立适用于热等静压态TC4钛合金高温流动行为的Arrhenius方程及DMM(动态材料模型)加工图。结果表明:峰值应力随应变速率的增大及变形温度的降低而增大;显微组织随变形温度升高发生马氏体相变,随应变速率增大,β相析出次生α'相,且T=900℃、ε觶=0.01s~(-1)时获得(α+β)双态组织,表明该条件能够改善材料加工性能。误差分析表明,峰值应力计算值与试验值平均相对误差绝对值仅6.77%,证明建立的本构方程能够准确预测材料高温变形时的流动应力。加工图分析表明材料流动失稳区为T=850～950℃、ε觶0.6 s~(-1),最佳加工区间为T=850～950℃、ε觶=0.01～0.1s~(-1)。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.