径流与潮流对长江口泥沙输运的影响

本文首先建立了一个一维水流、二维泥沙数学模型，以长江口南港北槽为实际背景，研究了径流和潮流共同作用下，泥沙输运的规律，讨论了泥沙近底边界条件，认为非恒定情况下泥沙底边界条件应考虑沉效应。     

丁字河口附近海域冬季悬浮体特征及其对潮流运动的响应

基于冬季实测的悬浮体及潮流数据,分析丁字河口附近海域悬浮体的分布、组成及变化动力因素。研究结果表明：水平方向上,海域表层悬浮体浓度总体呈南高北低的分布趋势;垂直方向上,底层悬浮体浓度要明显高于表层,且分布形式较表层更为复杂。但在丁字河口附近及悬浮体高值区二者分布形态一致。悬浮体粒径与潮流流速有明显的相关性,最粗粒径出现在落急阶段,最细粒径出现在涨憩期间。主要为涨、落潮期悬浮体来源及携砂能力不同所致。     

珠江河口潮流底边界层的湍流特征量研究

通过高频流速仪ADV和声学Doppler剖面仪ADP对珠江河口虎门潮流底边界层进行了一个周日(25h)定点连续观测,利用观测数据计算分析了洪季潮优型河口潮流底边界层内的湍流特征量.结果表明,(1)底边界层内的湍流具有一定的各向异性,脉动分量概率分布为准正态分布;(2)对于半日潮流占优的河口,湍流脉动强度、底床切应力、摩阻流速以及湍动能耗散率等均具有明显的四分之一周日的变化规律;(3)边界层内床底切应力与摩阻流速的变化范围分别为1.8×10-2～3.5×10-1Nm-2和2.2×10-3～1.8×10-2ms-1,湍动能耗散率平均值约为1.9×10-5Wkg-1.     

砂质原状黄土强度各向异性试验研究

为研究各向异性条件下原状黄土的变形及强度特性,针对取自北京市郊某施工现场原状黄土试样,在保持土样天然含水率条件下,分别对水平方向和竖直方向原状土样开展了固结不排水和固结排水三轴剪切试验。试验结果表明:试验用原状黄土黏粒含量相对较低,砂粒含量则偏高;其抗剪强度在水平方向和竖直方向表现出明显的各向异性。对于固结不排水试验,竖直方向的内摩擦角和黏聚力均大于水平方向,当增大围压时,水平方向和竖直方向试样的最大偏应力以及破坏应变值都呈上升趋势;对于固结排水试验,竖直方向的内摩擦角大于水平方向,而黏聚力则是水平方向大于竖直方向,当增大围压时,水平方向和竖直方向试样的最大偏应力都呈上升趋势,水平方向试样的破坏应变值呈上升趋势,然而竖直方向的试样则呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势。     

波-流共同作用下令仃洋三维盐度数值模拟

为了研究伶仃洋内盐度的输移运动规律,建立了三维斜压盐度数学模型。模型考虑了径流、潮流及波浪场作用下的盐度输运,波浪的影响通过三维辐射应力和波一流共同作用底应力反映。采用平面正交曲线坐标和垂向σ坐标对复杂边界和地形进行了较好的拟合,方程采用守恒有限差分法离散,并采用内外模式分裂技术求解,水平动量方程的求解采用了“预测”、“校正”相结合的方法以保证内外模式所求流速值的一致性。应用枯水期伶仃洋大规模同期实测的水位、流速和盐度资料对模型进行了验证,计算值与实测值吻合较好,表明了模型对伶仃洋水流、盐度运动规律模拟的可靠性。     

Method of coupling 1-D unsaturated flow with 3-D saturated flow on large scale

A coupled unsaturated-saturated water flow numerical model was developed. The water flow in the unsaturated zone is considered the one-dimensional vertical flow, which changes in the horizontal direction according to the groundwater table and the atmospheric boundary conditions. The groundwater flow is treated as the three-dimensional water flow. The recharge flux to groundwater from soil water is considered the bottom flux for the numerical simulation in the unsaturated zone, and the upper flux for the groundwater simulation. It connects and unites the two separated water flow systems. The soil water equation is solved based on the assumed groundwater table and the subsequent predicted recharge flux. Then, the groundwater equation is solved with the predicted recharge flux as the upper boundary condition. Iteration continues until the discrepancy between the assumed and calculated groundwater nodal heads have a certain accuracy. Illustrative examples with different water flow scenarios regarding the Dirichlet boundary condition, the Neumann boundary condition, the atmospheric boundary condition, and the source or sink term were calculated by the coupled model. The results are compared with those of other models, including Hydrus-1D, SWMS-2D, and FEFLOW, which demonstrate that the coupled model is effective and accurate and can significantly reduce the computational time for the large number of nodes in saturated-unsaturated water flow simulation.     

南海东北部海域潮汐模式的模型参数最优估计

利用深海高度计资料对南海东北部海域潮汐模式的模型参数进行了最优同化估计。模型参数包括底摩擦系数和开边界条件。得到的最优底摩擦系数的平均值为0.0085,取值较大的区域有台湾岛的东北部和西南部及吕宋海峡,而这些海域也是内潮响应较强烈的海域。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TIDES AND CURRENTS IN FUSHAN BAY, QINGDAO

The three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model (POM) was employed to simulate the tide and current simultanuously for the first time in the Fushan Bay, Qingdao, China By adopting the elevation condition that was combined with the tides M2, $2, K1 and O1 at the open boundary and by choosing the proper value of bottom roughness, the horizontal and vertical distributions of the tidal current and water level variations in the bay were computed. The results agree well with the field observation data, indicating that this model can be used to predict accurately the variation of tides and currents in the Fushan Bay and other costal regions in the future.Our study also provides useful information and a data base for the Olympic Projects that will be conducted in the Fushan Bay in 2008.     

A NEW MEASURE FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE BED SHEAR STRESS OF WAVE BOUNDARY LAYER IN WAVE FLUME

In this article, a shear plate was mounted on the bottom in a wave flume and direct measurements of the smooth and rough bed shear stress under regular and irregular waves were conducted with the horizontal force exerted on the shear plates by the bottom shear stress in the wave boundary layer. Under immobile bed condition, grains of sand were glued uniformly and tightly onto the shear plate, being prevented from motion with the fluid flow and generation of sand ripples. The distribution of the bottom mean shear stress varying with time was measured by examining the interaction between the shear plate and shear transducers. The relation between the force measured by the shear transducers and its voltage is a linear one. Simultaneous measurements of the bottom velocity were carried out by an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), while the whole process was completely controlled by computers, bottom shear stress and velocity were synchronously measured. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that (1) the friction coefficient groews considerably with the increase of the Reynolds number, (2) the shear stress is a function varying with time and linearly proportional to the velocity. Compared with theoretical results and previous experimental data, it is shown that the experimental method is feasible and effective, A further study on the bed shear stress under regular or irregular waves can be carried out. And applicability to the laboratory studies on the initiation of sediments and the measurement of the shear stress after sediment imigration.     

沉入式大圆筒结构入土深度计算方法研究

沉入式大圆筒结构是一种适用于软土地基的新型港口与海岸水工建筑物。本文在由水平力和力矩平衡条件建立的入土深度计算方法的基础上，进一步考虑竖向力平衡条件，建立了沉入式大圆筒结构满足稳定性要求的新的入土深度计算方法。针对一工程实例的设计条件，研究了土性指标取值、波浪力大小和竖向力平衡条件对沉入式大圆筒结构稳定性(入土深度)的影响。结果表明，土性指标和波浪力对大圆筒结构的稳定性均有显著影响，且土性指标的影响大于波浪力的影响；当竖向力较大时，竖向力平衡条件对大圆筒结构的稳定性也有较大影响。建议在实际工程设计中，应准确选取土性指标，并采用考虑竖向力平衡条件的稳定性计算方法。     

不同风向对珠江东四口门盐水入侵的影响

采用MIKE3构建珠江东四口门三维水动力数值模型,对枯水期各风向下珠江口的水动力进行模拟,分析北风、东北风和东风对河口涨落潮流速、盐度分布、潮通量的影响。结果表明:表层和底层水体的涨落潮流速变化在风的作用下是相反的。北风促进虎门垂向环流的发展,使小潮期垂向净环流出现频次增加且环流强度增大,导致口门内盐水入侵距离增大,垂向平均盐度增大,东北风的影响与北风相似但幅度较小,东风则相反。北风、东北风使东四口门涨潮量减少,东风使涨潮量增加,落潮量的变化则不仅与风向相关,还与河道走向、垂向环流有关,因此4个口门的落潮量对风的响应有所不同。风的持续作用对虎门盐水入侵影响较大,对其他三口门影响相对较小。     

露天爆破对近地表平洞结构的地震响应频谱分析

为探讨露天爆破下井下靠近地表平洞结构的爆破地震效应特性,通过露天爆破开挖过程中,在井下平洞拱顶和地面沿轨道方向布设测点,采集了大量井下平洞的爆破地震响应信号。采用小波分析和快速傅里叶变换相结合的分析方法,研究露天爆破地震波作用下平洞结构的响应频谱、能量分布特性。结果表明:爆破地震波作用下,近地表井下平洞拱底和拱顶质点在各个方向上的速度响应信号频率较大,主要集中在10～312 Hz;主频所处波段的能量占爆破震动总能量的大部分;平洞结构在铅直方向上的速度响应信号频率要低于水平方向的信号频率,且铅直方向主频随爆心距变化不大,而水平方向变化较明显;平洞结构拱顶铅直方向速度响应信号频率要低于拱底铅直方向的信号频率,拱顶铅直方向爆破振动响应更应引起重视。     

钱塘江河口斜坡式土堤水下防护面板稳定性试验

通过潮浪水槽中的斜坡式土堤模型试验，分析了涌潮作用下混凝土护面板的稳定性。试验表明，涌潮动力条件决定着护面板的底端高程，即面板的总宽度，面板的厚度与涌潮强弱的关系不大。     

考虑底摩阻损耗的波浪传播与衰减计算的边界元法

边界元法在势流计算中具有使问题降低一维的优点。为了将边界元法与基于粘性流体理论的底部波能损耗结合起来,本文采用一种包含底摩阻系数的底部边界条件,可以在考虑底摩阻损耗的情况下计算极平缓岸坡上波浪的传播与衰减。数值结果得到了物模实验数据的验证。     

深厚覆盖层地基高土石围堰应力变形敏感性分析

采用二维非线性有限元方法分析深厚覆盖层地基高土石围堰在典型工况下的应力变形特性。针对不同的覆盖层及防渗墙物理力学参数,进行了围堰应力变形的敏感性分析。结果表明:在围堰蓄水期,防渗墙底部出现了较大的拉应力;防渗墙弹性模量变化对堰体的水平位移及垂直位移影响不大,但对堰体的大、小主应力的影响较为明显;防渗墙与两侧土体之间的内摩擦角对堰体的水平位移及垂直位移影响不大,但对堰体的大、小主应力会产生一定的影响。     

A preliminary study of the turbulence features of the tidal bore in the Qiantang River,China

In this paper, the turbulence characteristics of the tidal flow in the Qiantang River, China, the world-famous Qiantang bore, are studied. A detailed field observation at the Yanguan section of the Qiantang River was carried out during the spring tide in October 2010 with a continuous collection of high frequency turbulence data. The data analysis shows that the hydrodynamic processes are characterized by a strong tidal bore. Statistics of the turbulence such as the probability distributions of the turbulent components, the variance terms and the covariance terms are found consistent with those of previous studies of estuaries without the tidal bore. However, along the vertical profile, the distributions of all variables become more scattered downwards. The horizontal turbulence fluctuations are of a similar magnitude while the vertical turbulence has a fluctuation magnitffde about 1/3 of that of the horizontal turbulences. The fluctuation strengths and the Reynolds stresses are much larger than those of other estuaries when the bore arrives. The bottom shear stress varies periodically with the tides, less than 0.44 N/m2 during the ebb but is increased drastically at the bore arrival, with the maximum being 0.92 N/m2. A good linear relationship is found between the bottom shear stress and the bottom suspended sediment concentration.     

基于侧压力系数变异性的隧洞围岩变形响应特征研究

以新疆东天山公路隧道为例,利用三维有限差分数值模拟软件FLAC3D,通过快速应力边界法生成符合实际工况的初始地应力场,结合实际侧压力系数λ的分布,分析λ取0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6时隧道内部变形规律。结果表明,λ从0.8增至1.6,拱顶竖向变形值减小约16%,拱底竖向变形值减小约14%,拱脚水平变形值增大3倍;在λ较低区段,注意拱顶和拱底处变形,及时安装衬砌系统,建议采取钢支撑挂网喷锚支护,对不稳定块体及时进行锚固;在λ较高区段,注意拱脚处变形,施工时要提高支护强度;在水平方向上一定范围内,由于应力状态的不同,不同沉降值出现逆向增长。     

Study of the natural vibration characteristics of water motion in the moon pool by the semi-analytical method

The three-dimensional natural vibration characteristics of water inside a moon pool of an ocean structures are studied. The governing equations are derived based on the linear potential flow theory, and the boundary condition of the total opening bottom suggested by Molin is adopted. A semi-analytical method is used to solve the governing equations, and the natural frequencies and the motion modes are obtained. Two types of motions are studied:(1) the piston motion in the vertical direction, and(2) the sloshing motion of the free surface. The influences of moon pool's structural parameters on the natural frequencies, and the modal shapes are analyzed.     

竖向荷载作用下斜桩承载变形特性有限元分析

斜桩的受力变形性状相比直桩要复杂得多,为了分析斜桩在竖向荷载作用下的承载变形性状,采用有限元分析的方法对竖向荷载作用下斜桩的承载变形以及桩-土相互作用进行了研究,分析了桩身倾角对斜桩竖向承载变形及桩-土相互作用的影响。结果表明:桩身倾角越大,斜桩桩顶沉降和水平位移也越大;桩身弯矩主要出现在桩身上半部分,随着桩身倾角增大而增大;斜桩桩前桩-土接触压力沿深度先增大后减小又逐渐增大,桩后桩-土接触压力从零压力点逐渐增加后迅速减小,一定深度后又逐渐增加,桩前与桩后的桩-土接触压力最大值随桩身倾角增大而增大;深度2.5 m以上,桩前侧摩阻力随桩身倾角增大而增大,深度2.5~6.5 m的桩前侧摩阻力衰减的程度随桩身倾角增大而增大,深度6.5 m以下桩前侧摩阻力随桩身倾角增大而减小;桩身倾角越大,桩后零摩阻力区段越长,零摩阻力区段以下的桩后侧摩阻力越小。     

Geo-slope 在工程应用中竖向边界选取问题的探讨

以西安市某均质土坝为例,在上下游地层竖向边界不设置边界条件、加透水边界、加无限边界和无限边界加透水边界等条件下,计算了大坝和坝基渗流场,并进而采用Seep和Slope耦合,研究了边界条件的选取对渗流及边坡稳定的影响,得出如下结论：竖向边界简单取为无限边界时计算结果与实际不符;加透水边界时计算的渗流量和下游坡脚处的水力坡降符合实测资料,安全系数大小也比较可信。该结论可为边界条件的选取提供参考。