一种适用于局部特征的混合视觉伺服方法

提出一种基于图像矩的混合视觉伺服方法,有效解决了因匹配的局部特征改变而引起的雅可比矩阵结构改变及奇异等难点．该方法首先估计得到单应性矩阵,然后通过反向映射计算未匹配点的像素坐标,采用图像矩和单应性矩阵分解得到的姿态分别控制平动和转动自由度,采用特征的雅可比矩阵不存在奇异情况．从理论上证明了所采用控制策略的稳定性和对摄像机标定误差的鲁棒性,仿真实验结果表明该方法适用于局部特征．

     

基于图像矩的运动目标3D平动视觉跟踪

区别于图像的简单几何特征,本文利用图像的全局特征描述子 图像矩特征作为图像 特征信息,实现了基于图像的运动目标3D平动的视觉跟踪．针对任务要求,本文选取了一组 矩特征用以完成任务．基于所选的矩,本文给出了矩特征变化量与相对位姿变化量之间的关 系矩阵,即图像雅可比矩阵,然后利用所推导的图像雅可比矩阵,设计了由图像反馈与目标 运动自适应补偿组成的视觉伺服控制器,实现了在未知目标成 深度及摄像机焦距的情况下 对运动目标的3D平动跟踪．     

带有时延补偿的图像雅可比矩阵估计方法

提出一种新的带有时延补偿的图像雅可比矩阵在线估计方法, 用于存在时延的无标定视觉伺服系统.传统的图像雅可比矩阵估计方法没有考虑时延影响, 从而产生较大的估计误差.为了补偿时延, 本文采用局部拟合方法估计图像雅可比矩阵, 以获得当前时刻更准确的图像雅可比矩阵估值, 并可对图像预补偿. 本文以无标定的移动机器人和视觉传感器为实验对象,仿真和实验表明该方法改善了系统的动态性能, 减小了稳态误差,从而验证带有时延补偿的图像雅可比矩阵估计方法的可行性和有效性.     

带时延补偿的图像雅可比矩阵在线估计方法

传统的在线估计图像雅可比矩阵的方法没有考虑时延因素,因此具有较大的估计误差。为了补偿时间延迟,提出一种新的带时延补偿的图像雅可比矩阵估计方法。该方法利用卡尔曼滤波估计特征点在图像空间中当前时刻的位置和速度,进而计算当前时刻较为准确的图像雅可比矩阵估计值。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法显著地提高了系统的性能,从而验证了提出的带时延补偿的图像雅可比矩阵在线估计方法的可行性和优越性。     

基于不变矩相似度的快速图像拼接

针对图像拼接中普遍存在的效率低和误匹配等问题,提出了一种基于不变矩相似度的快速拼接方法。首先利用不变矩相似度准则,预估输入图像的重叠区域,然后采用SIFT算法进行特征点检测和匹配,减少了不必要的特征提取和误匹配。利用稳健的RANSAC算法实现特征点提纯并计算单应性矩阵。最后,针对带运动目标的动态场景融合后易出现鬼影的现象,提出一种改进的分段线性加权融合算法以消除拼接鬼影。     

自由漂浮空间机器人回避动力学奇异的轨迹规划

针对非完整约束导致的自由漂浮空间机器人广义雅可比矩阵动力学奇异性问题,提出一种间接求解机器人逆运动学的方案.该方案通过运动方程分解并构造迭代函数,将动力学奇异转换为运动学奇异问题,避免直接求解逆广义雅可比矩阵,解决广义雅可比矩阵动力学参数相关特性问题,仿真结果表明该方法能够有效地实现自由漂浮空间机器人回避动力学奇异的非完整轨迹规划.     

农田信息采集机器人机构设计与奇异性分析

提出一种四轮并联机构的新型农田信息采集机器人．结构和越障原理分析结果表明,该机器人具有较 强的地形适应能力．为了研究机器人的奇异位形,根据雅可比矩阵的定义和D-H 矩阵法直接求出雅可比矩阵的解析 表达．根据机构的奇异性分类,利用动力学分析软件ADAMS 仿真得到了各奇异位形的精确位置和运动特点,与理 论分析相一致．根据以上分析设计的机器人物理样机能有效避免奇异位形．     

三分支机器人协调操作及关节力矩优化

针对三分支机器人协调运动，采用分离影响系数法分离各个分支的雅可比矩阵和惯性矩阵，再重新组合成整个系统的雅可比矩阵和惯性矩阵，建立三分支机器人运动学和动力学方程．应用乘子罚函数方法，对三分支机器人基于最小关节驱动力矩优化设计,避免矩阵的奇异值分解，提高计算的稳定性，应用迭代方法，简化了问题的求解．     

基于无标定显微视觉伺服的零件微装配

为完成微小零件的装配操作,获得高效的微装配性能和避免复杂的摄像机标定工作,提出了基于BROYDEN方法的图像雅可比矩阵在线辨识模型．为了实现在线辨识快速收敛的目的,应用切比雪夫多项式构成了待辨识的图像雅可比矩阵的成本函数来逼近最优值．采用辨识的图像雅可比矩阵,设计了PD控制器,该控制器满足了系统的快速性和平滑性控制要求．在显微视觉环境下,完成了不同倍率物镜下微操作机械手自动定位与夹取三维微小零件的视觉伺服任务．实验结果表明,所提方法具有较好的鲁棒性和满意的执行效果,达到了系统应用要求．     

基于RANSAC的图像拼接方法

为解决常用SUSAN角点检测的阈值都是固定的,检测出的角点经归一化互相关后直接使用RANSAC(即随机抽样一致性算法)得到的单应性矩阵准确度不高等问题,给出了一种改进的RANSAC图像拼接方法.利用具有自适应阈值的角点提取算法抽取图像的角点特征,采用引导匹配的方法重新进行归一化互相关,增加了准确匹配点的个数,提高了单应性矩阵的估算效果,最后采用拉普拉斯金字塔对配准后图像进行分层融合、拼接.实验结果表明,该方法比常用方法具有更好的矩阵估算效果,拼接效果良好.     

Markov models for digraph panel data: Monte Carlo-based derivative estimation

A parametric, continuous-time Markov model for digraph panel data is considered. The parameter is estimated by the method of moments. A convenient method for estimating the variance-covariance matrix of the moment estimator relies on the delta method, requiring the Jacobian matrix—that is, the matrix of partial derivatives—of the estimating function. The Jacobian matrix was estimated hitherto by Monte Carlo methods based on finite differences. Three new Monte Carlo estimators of the Jacobian matrix are proposed, which are related to the likelihood ratio/score function method of derivative estimation and have theoretical and practical advantages compared to the finite differences method. Some light is shed on the practical performance of the methods by applying them in a situation where the true Jacobian matrix is known and in a situation where the true Jacobian matrix is unknown.     

Singularity Analysis of Lower Mobility Parallel Manipulators Using Grassmann–Cayley Algebra

This paper introduces a methodology to analyze geometrically the singularities of manipulators, of which legs apply both actuation forces and constraint moments to their moving platform. Lower mobility parallel manipulators and parallel manipulators, of which some legs have no spherical joint, are such manipulators. The geometric conditions associated with the dependency of six PlUumlcker vectors of finite lines or lines at infinity constituting the rows of the inverse Jacobian matrix are formulated using Grassmann-Cayley algebra (GCA). Accordingly, the singularity conditions are obtained in vector form. This study is illustrated with the singularity analysis of four manipulators.     

A Virtual Work Based Algorithm for Solving Direct Dynamics Problem of a 3-RRP Spherical Parallel Manipulator

In this paper, we use principle of virtual work to obtain the direct dynamics analysis of a 3-RRP spherical parallel manipulator, also called spherical star-triangle (SST) manipulator (Enferadi et al., Robotica 27, 2009). This manipulator has good accuracy and relatively a large workspace which is free of singularities (Enferadi et al., Robotica, 2009). The direct kinematics problem of this manipulator has eight solution (Enferadi et al., Robotica 27, 2009). Given a desired actuated joint trajectories, we first present an algorithm for selecting the admissible solution. Next, direct velocity and direct acceleration analysis are obtained in invariant form. The concept of direct link Jacobian matrices is introduced. The direct link Jacobian matrix relates motion of any link to vector velocity of actuated joints. Finally, dynamical equations of the manipulator are obtained using the principle of virtual work and the concept of direct link Jacobian matrices. This method allows elimination of constraint forces and moments at the passive joints from motion equations. Two examples are presented and trajectory of moving platform are obtained. Results are verified using a commercial dynamics modeling package as well as inverse dynamics analysis (Enferadi et al., Nonlinear Dyn 63, 2010).     

Kinematic analysis and error modeling of TAU parallel robot

The TAU robot presents a new configuration of parallel robots with three degrees of freedom. This robotic configuration is well adapted to perform with a high precision and high stiffness within a large working range compared with a serial robot. It has the advantages of both parallel robots and serial robots. In this paper, the kinematic modeling and error modeling are established with all errors considered using Jacobian matrix method for the robot. Meanwhile, a very effective Jacobian approximation method is introduced to calculate the forward kinematic problem instead of Newton–Raphson method. It denotes that a closed form solution can be obtained instead of a numerical solution. A full size Jacobian matrix is used in carrying out error analysis, error budget, and model parameter estimation and identification. Simulation results indicate that both Jacobian matrix and Jacobian approximation method are correct and with a level of accuracy of micron meters. ADAMS's simulation results are used in verifying the established models.     

Inverse statics analysis of planar parallel manipulators via Grassmann-Cayley algebra

The wrench Jacobian matrix plays an important role in the statics and singularity analysis of planar parallel manipulators (PPMs). The Jacobian matrix can be calculated based on the conventional Plücker coordinate method. However, this method cannot be applied when two links are in parallel. A new approach is proposed for the analysis of the forward and inverse wrench Jacobian matrix using Grassmann-Cayley algebra (GCA). A symbolic formula for the inverse statics analysis is obtained based on the Jacobian. The proposed method can be applied when two links are in parallel. The approach is explained in detail based on a planar 3-RPR PPM example, and the analysis procedure for nine other PPMs is also presented. This novel approach to deriving the statics can be applied to spatial parallel manipulators and redundant cases of PPMs.

     

Formal analysis of the kinematic Jacobian in screw theory

As robotic systems flourish, reliability has become a topic of paramount importance in the human–robot relationship. The Jacobian matrix in screw theory underpins the design and optimization of robotic manipulators. Kernel properties of robotic manipulators, including dexterity and singularity, are characterized with the Jacobian matrix. The accurate specification and the rigorous analysis of the Jacobian matrix are indispensable in guaranteeing correct evaluation of the kinematics performance of manipulators. In this paper, a formal method for analyzing the Jacobian matrix in screw theory is presented using the higher-order logic theorem prover HOL4. Formalizations of twists and the forward kinematics are performed using the product of exponentials formula and the theory of functional matrices. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to formally analyze the kinematic Jacobian using theorem proving. The formal modeling and analysis of the Stanford manipulator demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach to the formal verification of the kinematic properties of robotic manipulators.     

Analytic singularity analysis of a 4-DOF parallel robot based on Jacobian deficiencies

In this paper, analytic singularity analysis of a 4-DOF parallel robot H4 is addressed. Since a parallel manipulator consisting of several serial chains has complex singularities in the workspace, the determination of singular configurations is very important in design, trajectory planning, and control. The classical method to determine singular configurations is to find the determinant of the Jacobian matrix. However, the Jacobian matrix of a parallel manipulator is complex in general and thus it is not easy to find the determinant of the Jacobian matrix. Therefore, we focus on the analytic singularity analysis of a 4-DOF parallel robot H4 using Jacobian deficiencies. A subset of the whole singularities and the intuitively predictable ones are only derived using Jacobian matrix deficiency. Three type singularities, i.e., overmobility, undermobility and combined singularities, have been presented.     

雅克比矩阵近似更新的三维装配约束求解研究

提出了三维装配约束求解中雅克比矩阵近似更新的方法。该方法通过对 迭代过程中满秩以及行秩秩亏雅克比矩阵进行近似更新,提高了约束求解的效率。首先在非 线性迭代求解过程中添加雅克比矩阵及其逆矩阵近似更新的公式;然后给出使用近似更新公 式需要满足的限制条件;最后通过对奇异点扰动算法的描述介绍迭代求解过程中雅克比矩阵 发生行秩秩亏的处理办法。文中提出的策略与算法已在三维装配约束求解引擎CBABench 中实现,给出的实例表明本文提出的方法效果显著。     

Stanford机器人动力学性能分析与仿真

文中对 Stanford 机器人进行了动力学性能分析和实体及运动仿真.首先运用影响系数法建立机器人的影响系数矩阵,利用同时基于Jacobian 矩阵和 Hessian 矩阵的动力学性能指标进行分析,给出动力学性能指标图谱.在此基础上,运用MATLAB软件对Stanford机器人进行实体和速度、加速度仿真.根据性能分析和仿真结果,说明我们用同时基于Jacobian矩阵和Hessian矩阵的动力学性能指标进行分析Stanford机器人动力学性能的正确性,以及MATLAB的可视化技术在机器人领域中的应用和发展前景.