膨胀型阻燃剂PEPA/MP阻燃聚丙烯的研究

用季戊四醇磷酸酯(PEPA)作成炭剂,与三聚氰胺磷酸盐(MP)和协效剂按一定比例复配成膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR),用于聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃。研究IFR含量对PP燃烧性能和力学性能的影响,结果表明:IFR添加量为23%时,阻燃PP的氧指数(LOI)为26.3%,阻燃等级达到UL94 V-0级。与PP相比,阻燃PP的拉伸强度、冲击强度降低,弯曲强度提高。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热失重(TG)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对阻燃PP的热性能、成炭性能等进行分析,结果表明:随IFR添加量增大,PP的结晶度增大,起始分解温度降低,高温成炭率提高。阻燃PP燃烧后形成表面致密,内部多孔的膨胀炭层结构。     

硅胶与膨胀型阻燃剂复配阻燃LGF/PP复合材料的性能研究

研究硅胶(SG)作为协效剂与IFR协同阻燃LGF/PP复合材料的性能。通过极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、锥形量热仪(CONE)、热重分析法(TG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、力学性能等测试表征LGF/PP/IFR/SG阻燃复合体系的性能。结果表明:当硅胶用量为2%时,阻燃复合材料的LOI为29.4%,且燃烧等级达到V-0级;CONE测试结果表明LGF/PP/IFR/SG阻燃复合材料的第一热释放速率峰值降低,而第二热释放速率峰消失;LGF/PP/IFR/SG阻燃复合材料具有较好的热稳定性,且产生致密均匀的炭层;并研究硅胶用量对复合材料力学性能的影响。     

分子筛对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯性能的影响

以分子筛作为协效剂,与未加协效剂的膨胀阻燃剂(RTB-IFR)及其他助剂复配制成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),用于聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃。研究了添加不同分子筛的IFR对PP的阻燃性能、力学性能及热降解行为的影响。结果表明:4A和H-BETA分子筛的阻燃效果比13X、ZSM分子筛好;分子筛对材料的力学性能影响不大;添加分子筛的阻燃剂改变了IFR和IFR-PP的热降解过程,提高了高温成炭量、炭层的热稳定性和热绝缘性,使IFR-PP的阻燃性能得到提高。     

PP/LGF复合材料的膨胀性阻燃与协效阻燃性能

采用膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)及协效剂海泡石(SP)对长玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯(PP/LGF)复合材料进行阻燃,通过双螺杆挤出机制备了PP/LGF母粒,IFR母粒和SP母粒,然后将这3种母粒通过注塑机制备了PP/LGF/IFR/SP复合材料,通过极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧测试、锥形量热仪、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜、力学性能测试等表征PP/LGF各阻燃复合体系的性能。结果表明,当IFR质量分数为22%时,PP/LGF/IFR阻燃复合材料的LOI为28.8%,且垂直燃烧等级达到V–0级;锥形量热仪测试结果表明加入IFR及SP后阻燃复合体系的第一热释放速率峰值降低,而第二热释放速率峰消失;SP质量分数为1%,IFR质量分数为21%的PP/LGF/IFR/SP阻燃复合材料LOI为29.6%,垂直燃烧等级达到V–0级,热释放速率峰值和总热释放量得到有效降低,热稳定性最好,且燃烧时产生致密的炭层覆盖于玻璃纤维表面,同时加入1%SP后复合材料的力学性能下降幅度相对较小。     

锡酸锌协效阻燃聚丙烯

通过水热法合成锡酸锌(Zn2Sn O4),将所得Zn2Sn O4作为协效剂加入聚丙烯(PP)/聚磷酸铵(APP)/季戊四醇(PER)膨胀阻燃(IFR)体系中,测试其阻燃和力学性能;并利用热重、热分析-质谱及扫描电镜等方法探索其协效阻燃机理。结果表明:添加1%锡酸锌的PP/IFR体系LOI达30.2%,并且对力学性能影响较小;热分析表明加入锡酸锌使PP/IFR体系热降解过程中最大分解温度提高,最大失重速率降低,成炭量增加,炭层致密结实,部分离子流强度也有所降低,与IFR有很好的阻燃协同作用。     

IFR/可膨胀石墨及协效剂氧化锌对PP阻燃性能影响的研究

制备了聚丙烯(PP)/有机膨胀型阻燃体系(IFR)、PP/IFR/可膨胀石墨(EG)和PP/IFR/可膨胀石墨(EG)/协效剂氧化锌(ZnO)三种体系,通过力学性能、氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧测试及热重分析(TG),探讨了复配膨胀型阻燃体系IFR/EG与协效阻燃剂ZnO之间的协同效应。结果表明,当IFR/EG/ZnO质量比为9.25/9.25/1.5时,阻燃PP的LOI值达到最高,同时阻燃PP的力学性能比不含ZnO的PP有所提高。TG结果表明,ZnO的加入使阻燃PP的热稳定性得到提高,形成了更稳定的保护层,从而提高了PP的阻燃效果。     

不同协效剂对膨胀阻燃长玻纤增强聚丙烯体系的影响

将有机蒙脱土(OMMT)与水滑石(LDH)分别作为协效剂,与膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)协同阻燃长玻纤增强聚丙烯(LGFPP)复合材料。利用氧指数(OI)、垂直燃烧测试(UL 94)、热失重分析(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和力学性能测试等手段研究了不同协效剂对LGFPP/IFR性能的影响。结果表明:OMMT与LDH均能在一定程度上提高其阻燃性能,当LDH含量为1%、OMMT含量为2%时,复合材料的阻燃性能最佳。而LGFPP/IFR/OMMT体系的阻燃性能更好,能够生成更加致密和稳定的炭层,并且表现出更好的热稳定性与力学性能。     

基于胞苷酸阻燃剂的制备及其对PP阻燃性能的影响

为了提高膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)对于聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃效率,选择具有阻燃潜质的胞苷酸衍生物作为协效剂。胞苷酸与三缩水甘油基异氰尿酸酯反应形成阻燃微球,同时引入镍离子与磷酸基团反应成盐,以提高其热稳定性,得到基于胞苷酸镍的阻燃微球TC-Ni,通过红外光谱研究了其结构。将TC-Ni与膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)复合,通过熔融共混法制备阻燃PP复合材料。通过极限氧指数、垂直燃烧等研究了复合材料的阻燃性能,通过热失重分析测试其热稳定性,采用扫描电镜观察炭层结构。结果表明,添加17%IFR和1%TC-Ni可以使样品通过UL94 V–0级别,并且其LOI提高到29.2%。TC-Ni改善了PP/IFR形成的膨胀炭形态和完整性,使炭层表层炭致密,内层多孔,从而有效地提高了PP/IFR体系的阻燃效率。     

三嗪类阻燃剂的热性能及成炭机理探索

合成了一种新型三嗪类成炭剂(CA),并利用质量分数为6.7%的CA、80.3%的聚磷酸铵(APP)和13%的三聚氰胺(MA)复配而成的膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)对聚丙烯(PP)进行阻燃.用热重分析仪研究了IFR及其阻燃PP体系的热性能,并对其阻燃成炭机理进行了探索.结果表明,IFR使PP的热降解行为发生了变化,PP/IFR 600℃时在氮气中的质量保持率达到18.05%,,在空气中达到13.43%.IFR、PP/IFR的实际质量保持率比理论值高,各组分间存在着协同阻燃作用.PP/IFR在燃烧时可形成较好的膨胀炭层.     

改性海泡石与金属氧化物对膨胀阻燃PP燃烧性能的影响

采用极限氧指数、垂直燃烧、TGA、FTIR和SEM等方法研究了改性海泡石(SP)及金属氧化物(ZnO、Ni2O3)对聚丙烯(PP)/马来酸酐接枝三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM-g-MAH)/膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)体系燃烧性能的影响。极限氧指数和垂直燃烧结果表明:SP及金属氧化物均对IFR有一定的协效作用,能提高体系的极限氧指数和阻燃性能。TGA结果表明:SP可以提高燃烧残余炭层的稳定性和残炭率。SEM观察表明:SP与ZnO复配体系的燃烧残余炭层更致密和连续。FTIR测试发现SP、金属氧化物促进了IFR在PP体系中的交联成炭作用,较快生成连续的保护性炭层。     

Using PA6 as a charring agent in intumescent polypropylene formulations based on carboxylated polypropylene compatibilizer and nano‐montmorillonite synergistic agent

The intumescent fire retardant polypropylene (IFP/PP) filled with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (M), and PA6 (charring agent) is discussed. Intumescing degree (ID) and the char yield were determined. Only when the three main components of IFR coexist at appropriate proportions, it has optimal ID and higher char yield. The appropriate proportion is PA6 : APP : M = 10 : 10 : 5. A new compatibilizer, carboxylated polypropylene (EPP), was added to PP/PA‐6 blend. Flow tests indicated that the apparent viscosity increased with the addition of EPP, thermal characterization suggested that EPP has reacted with PA6, PA6‐g‐EPP cocrystallized with PA6, and EPP‐g‐PA6 cocrystallized with PP; SEM micrographs illustrated that the presence of EPP improved the compatibility of PP and PA6. All the investigations showed that EPP was an excellent compatibilizer, and it was a true coupling agent for PP/PA6 blends. Using PA6 as a charring agent resulted in the IFR/PP dripping, which deteriorated the flammability properties. The addition of nano‐montmorillonite (nano‐MMT) as a synergistic agent of IFR enabled to overcome the shortcoming. The tensile test testified that the addition of nano‐MMT enhanced the mechanical strength by 44.3%. SEM showed that nano‐MMT improved the compatibility of the composites. It was concluded that the intumescent system with nano‐MMT was an effective flame retardant in improving combustion properties of polypropylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 739–746, 2006     

Study of thermal,flammability and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant PP/kenaf nanocomposites

Detrimental physical and mechanical properties are common problems for composites when their flame retardancy is improved through filler additions. An increased interest of the synergistic nanoparticle addition to improve the flame retardancy of natural fiber composites is the aim of this work. The paper investigates the synergistic effect of two different nanoparticles (halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay) on the flame and mechanical properties in an intumescent ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based polypropylene (PP)/kenaf composite system. First, the nature of nanoparticle dispersion in PP through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that under twin screw compounding process, the partial exfoliation and intercalation have taken place within the nanocomposites. An increase in the decomposition temperature was observed under thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), with the presence of HNT. However, MMT tends to lower the maximum decomposition temperature under inert atmosphere. The flammability analysis in an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system shows that the suitable amount of high aspect ratio nanoparticles with their exfoliation characteristics effectively helps to reduce the sustained combustion. Even though, improved stiffness properties can be observed with the presence of increased filler content, particle agglomeration tends to reduce the mechanical strengths of these composites due to low compatibilization and crack propagation.     

Ammonium polyphosphate/montmorillonite nanocompounds in polypropylene

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocompounds were prepared. The crystal forms and morphologies of the nanocompounds were studied by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. The APP/MMT nanocompounds were applied to intumescent flame‐retarded polypropylene (PP) composites. The PP composites were studied by using oxygen index measurements, UL‐94 flame testing, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical measurement. It was found that the APP/MMT nanocompounds enhanced the flame retardancy of the IFR/PP compared with the form II APP and its mixture with micro‐MMT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Flame retardation and thermal degradation of intumescent flame‐retarded polypropylene composites containing spirophosphoryldicyandiamide and ammonium polyphosphate

A novel halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant, spirophosphoryldicyandiamide (SPDC), was synthesized and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to produce a compound intumescent flame retardant (IFR). This material was used in polypropylene (PP) to obtain IFR‐PP systems whose flammability and thermal behavior were studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL‐94, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry. In addition, the mechanical properties of the systems were investigated. The results indicated that the compound intumescent flame retardant showed both excellent flame retardancy and antidripping ability for PP when the two main components of the IFR coexisted in appropriate proportions. The optimum flame retardant formulation was SPDC:APP = 3:1, which gave an LOI value of 38.5 and a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Moreover, the heat release rate, production of CO, smoke production rate, and mass loss rate of the IFR‐PP with the optimum formulation decreased significantly relative to those of pure PP, according to the cone calorimeter analysis. The char residues from the cone calorimetry experiments were observed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed that a homogeneous and compact intumescent char layer was formed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

EPDM/PP/IFR/Nano-ZnO阻燃复合材料的制备及其性能研究

将纳米氧化锌(nano-ZnO)作为协效改性剂与膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)复配,制成IFR/nano-ZnO复合阻燃剂,并将其用于三元乙丙橡胶/聚丙烯(EPDM/PP)复合材料的阻燃。研究了nano-ZnO用量对该EPDM/PP/IFR/nano-ZnO阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:EPDM/PP/IFR/nano-ZnO阻燃复合材料具有优良的阻燃性能,且材料的力学性能明显改善;另外,当nano-ZnO用量为2%时,该阻燃复合材料的综合性能最佳。     

酸式磷酸二辛酯的合成及其在膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯中的偶联作用

以三氯氧磷、异辛醇为原料合成的酸式磷酸二辛酯是一种含磷阻燃偶联剂 ,作者研究了其对膨胀型阻燃剂 (IFR) /聚丙烯 (PP)共混材料的偶联作用。力学性能、阻燃性能测试和SEM结果表明 :酸式磷酸二辛酯是体系有效的偶联剂 ,在不损害原有阻燃性能的条件下 ,提高了共混材料的力学性能 ,明显改善共混体系的形貌结构 ,是一种可选的阻燃偶联剂。经酸式磷酸二辛酯偶联的IFR/PP拉伸强度、抗冲击强度和水平燃烧性能分别为 2 5 4MPa、4 0 2kJ·m-2 和GB 2 40 8—80II- 0 5mm ,离火 36s自熄 ,未加偶联剂的对应值为 2 2 5 7MPa、3 2 7kJ·m-2 和GB 2 40 8— 80II- 1mm ,离火 39s自熄。     

润滑剂对PP/IFR复合材料性能的影响

以聚丙烯(PP)为基体树脂、FR–1420为无卤膨胀型阻燃剂,分别加入乙撑双硬脂酰胺(EBS)、聚乙烯(PE)蜡、硬脂酸锌(硬锌)、硅酮及聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)等五种润滑剂来制备阻燃PP复合材料(PP/IFR),考察了润滑剂及其含量对PP/IFR的阻燃性能和力学性能的影响,并对材料的热分解行为及炭层结构进行了表征和分析。结果表明,FR–1420含量为21%,五种润滑剂含量在0.5%~2%范围内变化时,对PP/IFR复合材料的力学性能影响不大,而对阻燃性能产生了明显影响;EBS与阻燃剂产生对抗作用,不论添加量多少,都显著降低PP/IFR的阻燃性,垂直燃烧等级由V–0级降低至无级;PE蜡、硬锌、硅酮及PVDF的添加量都存在一个最大值,当低于最大值时,不会影响PP/IFR的阻燃性,垂直燃烧等级均为V–0级,而高于最大值时,则会降低PP/IFR的阻燃性;PE蜡、硬锌、硅酮及PVDF均会不同程度延后PP/IFR的起始分解温度,略微降低其成炭率。     

微胶囊化膨胀阻燃剂及膨胀阻燃聚丙烯性能的研究

通过微胶囊化技术合成了新型磷氮体系无卤膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR),采用IFR提高聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃性能。运用扫描电子显微镜、氧指数仪和垂直燃烧仪等对IFR阻燃PP体系的表面形态和性能进行分析。结果表明,聚磷酸铵经包覆后粒度增大;当IFR的质量分数达到30%左右时,PP/IFR体系可以获得良好的阻燃效果,其氧指数达到32%,燃烧等级为FV-0级,抑烟效果较明显;力学性能下降不大;断裂面形态良好。     

有机-金属杂化化合物阻燃聚丙烯的研究

将有机-金属杂化三嗪化合物（SCTCFA-ZnO）与聚磷酸铵（APP）复配制备了膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）,通过极限氧指数测试、垂直燃烧测试、锥形量热分析、热失重分析和扫描电子显微镜分析等表征方法研究了SCTCFA-ZnO/APP的协同作用对PP复合材料阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,APP与SCTCFA-ZnO复配可以有提高PP材料的阻燃性能,当IFR的添加量为25 %（质量分数,下同）,且APP/SCTCFA-ZnO的质量比为2/1时,复合材料的极限氧指数最高,达到31.1 %,达到UL 94 V-0级;IFR可提高复合体系的温热稳定性,阻燃复合材料燃烧后会形成一层致密、连续的炭层,从而起到良好的阻燃效果。     

不同膨胀型阻燃剂改性聚丙烯/聚乳酸复合材料

用两种不同的膨胀型氮磷阻燃剂(IFR1和IFR2)阻燃改性聚丙烯(PP)/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料。结果表明:两种阻燃剂在PP/PLA基体中都具有良好的分散性和界面粘合性。阻燃剂的加入降低了材料的力学性能,而含有25%阻燃剂的PP/PLA复合材料就能到达垂直燃烧试验(UL-94)的V0等级。燃烧过程中阻燃剂通过在材料表面形成致密的炭层来提高材料的阻燃性,其中IFR1对PP/PLA体系的阻燃改性效果更好。从力学性能和阻燃效果的双重考虑,质量含量25%的阻燃剂适合于PP/PLA材料的阻燃改性。